AP Human Geography Unit 3 Terms (Culture and Identity) – Flashcards
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Culture
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A group's way of life, including the shared system of social meanings, values and relations that is transmitted between generations (can be seen as learned behavior).
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Acculturation
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Process by which a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another more powerful culture
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Assimilation
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Immigrants become fully integrated into a new culture (the "melting pot" concept)
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Multiculturalism
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Different cultures in a society deserve value and respect for unique differences (the "mixed salad" concept)
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Transculturation
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Occurs when strong cultures interact with each other and each acts as both a source and adopter.
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Cultural Convergence
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Cultures become more alike due to forces of globalization
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Cultural Identity
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Ones belief in belonging to a group of certain cultural aspect (you can "identify with" a group or "identify against")
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Indigenous people/culture
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People originating in, and characteristics of a particular region or country- usually associated with a more traditional way of life
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Cultural Traits
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Individual culture practices (specific to a culture)
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Examples of cultural traits
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Food, architecture, land use, greetings, eye contact, silence, private space, touching, hand gestures, perceptions of time, gift giving
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Culture complex
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Interrelated web of cultural traits that are a characteristic of a group, or the individual cultural traits practiced by a culture group
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Culture group
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A group of people with shared culture traits (ex: the Amish, Mormons)
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Culture system
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Group of interconnected culture complexes or culture complexes that have traits in common such as ethnicity, language, religion, and others
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Culture realm
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A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as a set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes.
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Artifacts
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Tangible aspects of a culture
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Sociofacts
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Societal institutions that guide behavior like government, laws, religious institutions, and educatiom
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Mentifacts
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Cultural elements expressing values and beliefs like language, religion, folklore, myths, artistic expression
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Globalization
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The expansion and intensification of linkages and flows of capital, people, goods, ideas, and cultures across national borders
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Economic Globalization
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The world interacts on a global scale economically more than ever before- the local global continuum applies
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Cultural Globalization
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As global interaction happens more frequently, cultures are becoming more similar, and digital infrastructure allows rapid and voluminous diffusion of "western" cultural trends resulting in a loss of indigenous cultures.
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Changing cultural practices
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Globalization of culture results in acculturation and transculturation
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Ethnicity distribution
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Spread of ethnic groups resulting from migration from globalization, EU, guest workers
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Gender balance
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Women left behind as men move to work, a,d more women working in factories
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Postmodern Landscape
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Landscape oriented to consumerism resulting from economic globalization
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Placelessness
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Everything looks the same- not necessarily based on consumerism
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Commodification
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previously not been something to buy or sell (culture trait) and turned into something to be traded in a market economy Ex: Jesus on a keychain
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McWorld
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Represents cultural globalization
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Jihad
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Represents cultural values that are underpinned by religious beliefs
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Diffusion
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Spread of something over space
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Cultural Diffusion
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Process of spreading an idea/innovation from one area to another
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Independent invention/parallel diffusion
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A trait with many different cultural hearths that developed independent of each other
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Contagious expansion diffusion
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Where adjacent groups or individuals are affected- diffuses from person to person (spreads in waves)
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Hierarchical expansion diffusion
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Happens top down/urban to rural- founder/early adopter gives it to someone who then takes it to a group
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Stimulus expansion diffusion
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Occurs when specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted
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Relocation diffusion
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Actual movement of individuals who carry an idea/innovation to a new location
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Barriers to diffusion
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Physical features like mountains and forests
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Cultural Barriers
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Something that prohibits things to protect the culture
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Cultural hearth
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Area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse
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Cultural region
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People share one or more cultural traits
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Formation of identity
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Formation of cultural identity
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Ethnic cultures
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Culture traits like traditions, customs, language, religion
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Gender roles
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Social differences between men and women that are socially and culturally creates
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Glocalization
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Conducting business according to local and global considerations
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Summary
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1. Combining culture traits creates a culture complex 2. A single group of people within a common culture complex form a culture group 3. Multiple groups with some common cultural complexes make a cultural system
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Place
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The uniqueness of a location
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Sense of place
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Feelings evoked by experiences and memories associated with a certain place
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Place making
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Cultures make place fit their identity, portray value in a landscape, and build things in a landscape to show what they believe and value
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Cultural ecology
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Study of relationship between a culture group and the natural enviroment
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Ethnic neighborhoods
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Started by chain migration, proud of their cultural heritage, place making is important aspect to them (easy way to notice a cultural landscape)
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Ethnic islands
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Small rural area settles by a single, distinctive ethic group that placed its imprint on the landscape
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Symbolic landscapes
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symbolic meaning the landscape has for a culture-implies there is more to a landscape than meets the eye due to cultural significance
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Sacred space
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A symbolic landscape associated with religions, the origin of an ethnic group, mythology, etc.
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Sequent Occupance
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Each group of inhabitants leaves their distinctive imprint on the lamdscape
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Gendered space
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What space is considered male or female in a culture. Globally, or in american homes, are there spaces viewed as male or female?
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Cultural landscape
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Amalgamations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, and land and resource use.
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Tradition (origins of folk culture)
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In folk culture, things are done the way they were done in the past.
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Rural or isolated indigenous communities (origins of folk culture)
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Folk culture is found in rural or isolated areas. The more isolated an area is, the less it's been impacted from diffusion of popular culture
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Urban (origins of popular culture)
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Popular culture typically originates in urban areas and spread from there
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Changeable (origins of popular culture)
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Popular culture can change. It can be localized for a particular culture- glocalization- or change over time
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Media Influence (origins of popular culture
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The media has helped accelerate the spread of popular culture
