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Brain drain

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large-scale emigration by talented people

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Chain migration (migration ladder)

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migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

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Circulation

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short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

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Counter-urbanization

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net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

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Emigration

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migration FROM a location

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Floodplain

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the area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends

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Forced migration

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permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors

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Guest worker

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a worker who migrates to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs

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Immigration

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migration TO a new location

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Internal migration

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permanent movement within a particular country

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International migration

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permanent movement from one country to another

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Interregional migration

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permanent movement from one region of a country to another

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Intervening obstacle

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an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

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Intraregional migration

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permanent movement within one region of a country

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Migration

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form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

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Migration transition

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change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

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Mobility

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all types of movement from one location to another

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Net migration

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the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

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Pull factors

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factors that induce people to move to a new location

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Push factors

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factors that induce people to leave old residences

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Quotas

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in reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

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Refugee

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a person who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

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Unauthorized immigrants

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people who enter a country without being allowed in

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Voluntary migration

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permanent movement undertaken by choice

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Activity space

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the space within which daily activity occurs

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Amnesty

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forgiveness for breaking the law

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Colonization

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a physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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Cotton belt

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an agricultural region of the southeast US, concentrated particularly in South in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi

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Cyclic movement

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movement - for example, nomadic migration - that has closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

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Diaspora

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the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs

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Distance decay

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the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

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Genocide

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acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial, or religious group

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Gravity model

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a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them

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Human Capital Theory

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educated workers from poor countries go to wealthy countries for higher paying jobs; good for new country: gets talented labor; good for old (poor) country: gains capital sent home and higher wages for those left behind

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Immigration Act of 1965

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quotas for individual countries were eliminated and replaces with hemisphere quotas

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Immigration Laws Quota

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A law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

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Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

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a 1986 Act that issued hundreds of thousands of visas to undocumented immigrants, making them legal migrants; this caused the number of immigrants to increase since the percentage allowed was based on a now larger based population

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Intercontinental Migration

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moving from one continent to another

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Intervening Opportunity

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such opportunities lessen the attractiveness of more distant places

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Mariel boatlift

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an event in 1980 in Cuba in which the leader of communist Cuba, Fidel Castro, let political prisoners, criminals and mental patients leave Cuba; over 125,000 Cubans fled during the course of a few weeks, and they left from the port of Mariel and sailed to the US, crossing the Straits of Florida

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Migrant Labor

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a common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances

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Migratory Movement

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movement that consists of one person migrating from one place to another

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Migration selectivity

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only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate

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Migration stream

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a constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination

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National Origins Act

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act that set quotas for each country at 2% of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. in 1890; the goal was to reduce immigration from certain countries

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Periodic movement

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movement involving longer periods of time further away from home

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Place utility

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usefulness of a place or situation

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Quota Act of 1921

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this act sets a cap of 3% of each nationality (based on the 1910 census) already in the U.S. to be allowed to immigrate to the U.S. , it discriminates against certain nationalities such as Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews

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E.G. Ravenstein

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British demographer who sought an answer to "why people voluntarily migrate"; he studied internal migration in England and proposed the laws of migration involving the use of Pull and Push factors

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Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

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Laws that are very important to modern geographic migration studies; made by E.G. Ravenstein; -most people migrate for economic reasons -cultural and environmental factors also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic factors - most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country - long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity - most long-distance migrants are male - most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

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Remittances

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money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

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Rural to Urban Migration

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permanent movement from an agrarian sparsely populated region to a densely populated metropolitan area

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Rust belt

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urban areas in New England and Middle West (US) characterized by concentrations of declining industries (steel or textiles)

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Space-time Compression

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the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant places, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems (how technology has decreased the time it takes for something to spread)

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Space-time Prism

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a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of mobility at our command

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Step migration

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migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city (migration that takes place in several steps)

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Suburbanization

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the movement from the city to the suburbs

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Sunbelt

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the southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth

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Time-contract workers

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a type of contract that is a hybrid of both a fixed-price and cost-reimbursable contract, recruited for work but for only a fixed period of time by contract

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Transhumance

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the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures (like cyclic movement but with animals)

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Transnational migration

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a form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit

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Undocumented Immigrants

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aka illegal immigrants; migrants who enter a country without proper documentation

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Wilbur Zelinsky

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Geographer associated with migration transition-change in the migration patter in a society that results from the social and economic changes that produce the demographic transition; stage 2 - international; stages 3 & 4 - internal

AP Human Geography Rubenstein Chapter 3 Migration Kbat Vocabulary – Flashcards

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