AP Human Geography – Migration (Chapter 3) – Flashcards
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Brain Drain
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Large-scale emigration by talented people
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Chain Migration (Migration Ladder)
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Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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Circulation Migration
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A type of migration that occurs on a short-term, repetitive, cyclical, or regular basis.
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Contagious Diffusion
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The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
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Diaspora
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A scattered population with a common origin in a smaller geographic area (ie. people who come from a common ethic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity)
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Distance Decay Function
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A function that represents the way that some entity or its influence decays with distance from its geographical location.
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Emigration
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Migration from a location
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Immigration
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Migration to a new location
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Brain Gain
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The gaining of a brain drain
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Expansion Diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
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Forced Migration
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Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
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Voluntary Migration
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Permanent movement undertaken by choice
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Gravity Model
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A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them.
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Guest Worker
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Citizen of a poor country who obtains a job in Western Europe or the Middle East.
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
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Internal Migration
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Permanent movement within a particular country
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International Migration
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Permanent movement from one country to another
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Intervening Obstacle
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An environment or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
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Intervening Opportunity
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The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
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Lee's Model of Migration
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Added to Ravenstein's Migration theory by defining push and pull factors.
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Migration Transition
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Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
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Migration Stream
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A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination.
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Migration Selectivity
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Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating
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Mobility
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All types of movement from one location to another
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Net Migration
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The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
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Periodic Movement
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Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation
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Push Factors
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Induces people to move out of their present location
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Pull Factors
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Induces people to move into a new location
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Refugee
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A person who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
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Relocation Diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
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Remittances
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Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.
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Step Migration
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Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
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Stimulus Diffusion
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The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
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Time-Contract Workers
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Immigrant recruited for a fixed period to work
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Transhumance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
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Urbanization
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An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
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Suburbanization
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Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions
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Counterurbanization
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Net migration from urban to rural areas
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Ravenstein's Laws (1)
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The majority of migrants go only a short distance.
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Ravenstein's Laws (2)
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Migration proceeds step by step. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force is spent.
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Ravenstein's Laws (3)
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Migrants going long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centres of commerce or industry.
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Ravenstein's Laws (4)
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Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.
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Ravenstein's Laws (5)
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Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.
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Ravenstein's Laws (6)
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Females are more migratory than males within the kingdom of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond.
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Ravenstein's Laws (7)
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Most migrants are adults: families rarely migrate out of their country of birth.
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Ravenstein's Laws (8)
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Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase.
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Ravenstein's Laws (9)
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Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves.
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Ravenstein's Laws (10)
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The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centres of industry and commerce.
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Ravenstein's Laws (11)
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The major causes of migration are economic.
