AP Human Geography Midterm Exam Review – Flashcards
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Cartogram
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a map in which some thematic mapping variable - such as Population or Gross National Product - is substituted for land area. The geometry or space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable.
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Isoline Map
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show lines that connect points of equal value.
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Choropleth Map
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show the level of some variable within predefined regions, such as counties, states, or countries
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Dot Map
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use a dot to represent the occurrence of some phenomenon in order to depict variation in density in a given area
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Scale
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the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface (as in small scale map versus large scale map)
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Small Scale
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Depicts a large area (such as the state of Arizona) but with less detail
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Large Scale
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Depicts a small area (such as downtown Phoenix) with great detail
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Projection
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The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. The most common type is the Robinson Projection. However, maps depicting the entire world can distort shape, distance, relative size, and direction
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Time Zones
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four major time zones in the United States (Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific). based on Greenwich, England because at the time England was the most powerful country. There is a new time zone ever 15 degrees longitude. One degree longitude is 69 miles, so there is a new time zone every 1,035 miles. If you go east you go forwards in time. If you go west you go back in time.
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Space-time compression
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The reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place. Distant places become more accessible.
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Distance Decay
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Contact between people diminishes with distance, trails off, then eventually disappears. Relates to diffusion.
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Baby Boom
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individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964 (post WWII) in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of marriage and fertility.
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Baby Bust
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Period of time during the 1960's and 1970's when fertility rates in the U.S. dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation delayed marriage and child-bearing for more education and more competitive jobs. The fertility rate dropped in contrast to the baby boom.
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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
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birth rate minus death rate plus net migration.
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Crude Birth Rate
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# live births per 1000 births
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Crude Death Rate
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# deaths per 1000
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Ecumene
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the portion of Earth's surface inhabited by humans.
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Thomas Malthus
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a British economist who became the first critic to note that population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it. Malthus used the principles of exponential growth (births) versus linear growth (food supplies) to make his point.
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neo-Malthusians
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continue to be alarmed about population increase. Paul Ehrlich popularized this view with a book entitled The Population Bomb, published in 1968. Since that time there have been international programs created for population control (family planning, birth control).
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Spatial Interaction
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the broad geographical term for the movement of people, ideas and commodities within and between areas, whether it is circulation or migration
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Emmigration
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migration from a location
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Immigration
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migration to a location
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Net Migration
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Immigration minus Emigration.
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Step Migration
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long distance migration done in stages (still the rule - most common)
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Intervening Opportunity
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people who set out to move a long distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations.
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Gravity Model
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a measure of the interaction of places. The inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between source and destination (noted by Ravenstein).
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Critical Distance
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the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingnes to travel. Affects distance decay - will eventually prevent a migration from occuring. Relates to the Gravity Model - a large city has a greater gravitational pull than a small one, but it still tends to pull people that live closer rather than farther away.
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Visa
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An official authorization appended to a passport, permitting entry into and travel within a particular country or region.
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Immigration Reform and Control Act
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a 1986 law which allowed the U.S. government to issue visas to several hundred thousand people who had previously entered the country illegally. (amnesty). It also required employers to check identification during the hiring process to ensure the legal status of the new employee to work in the U.S.
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Brain Drain
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Human capital flight, more commonly referred to as "brain drain", is the large- scale emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge.
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Custom
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The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
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Habit
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A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
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Folk Culture
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Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
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Popular Culture
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Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
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Balkanization
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Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
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Ethinic Cleansing
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Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
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Ethnic Neighborhoods
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Concentrations of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of the city. Example, "Chinatowns."
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Ethnicity
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Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. A person's perceived social and cultural identity.
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Genocide
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A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group.
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Ghetto
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A segregated ethnic area within a city.
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Multiethnic State
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State that contains more than one ethnicity.
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Multinational State
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State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.
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Nationality
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Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
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Race
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Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
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Racism
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Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
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Self-determination
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Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
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Creole or creolized language
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A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
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Dialect
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A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation.
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Isogloss
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A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
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Isolated Language
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A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
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Language Branch
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A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
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Language Family
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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
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Language Group
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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
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Lingua Franca
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A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. (ENGLISH)
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Pidgin Language
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A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
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Animism
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Belief that objects, such as plants, stones or natural events like thunderstorms have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
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Autonomous Religion
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A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
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Ethnic Religion
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A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
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Fundementalism
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Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination or sect).
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Hierarchical Religion
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A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
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Universalizing
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A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
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Missionary
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An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
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Monotheism
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The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
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Pagan
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A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
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Polytheism
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Belief in or worship of more than one god.
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Contagious Diffusion
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rapid, widespread diffusion through out a population Ex: a disease (or something that spreads like a disease)
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Stimulus Diffusion
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diffusion occurs, even though a specific characteristic is rejected Ex: Hamburgers (veggie burgers) in India
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Expansion Diffusion
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spreading by a snowballing process Ex: spread of Islam from hearth on Arabian Peninsula to Egypt and N. Africa
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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diffusion from one key person of power/authority to another Ex: Crocs (boating/gardening.......EVERYONE)
