AP Human Geography Chapter 8 Study Guide – Flashcards
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What is a State?
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an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
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What determines a State?
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Occupied territory
Permanent population
Sovereignty
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The Largest State land wise is...
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Russia
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The Smallest State land wise is...
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Monaco
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Why do countries "claim" the Arctic?
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More land/space
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What benefits does the Arctic offer?
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Scientific investigation
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Why is Antarctica not a state?
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Nobody lives there
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What kind of state is Korea?
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one state
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How is Korea divided?
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by influence
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Define Sovereignty
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Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
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What is the number of Sovereign states?
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193
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Why and How did the number of Sovereign states grow?
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after the break up of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia
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Define Nation-State
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States that the territory occupied corresponds to a particular ethnicity
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Where did the idea of a Nation-State originate?
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From ethnic states who desired for self-rule
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What is an example of a Nation-State?
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Denmark
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Define Colony
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Territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
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Who does a Colony answer to?
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A sovereign state
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What is the Largest Colony?
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Puerto Rico
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Define Colonialism
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An effort by one country to establish settlement in a territory and impose its political, economic and cultural principles on territory
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Define Imperialism
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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
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What are the Motives for Colonialism?
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3 G's
God
Gold
Glory
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What is the Fertile Crescent?
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an ancient place that can be traced to the development of states
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Where is the Fertile Crescent?
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it's an arc between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea
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What flows through the Fertile Crescent?
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the Nile River
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Why is the Fertile Crescent important?
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it is said to be the place of the development of states
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Which City-States originated there?
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Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians
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Define City State
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Sovereign states that are compromised of towns and their surrounding country side
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Define Frontier
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Zone where no state exercises complete political control rather than boundaries separated states
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What is the difference between a Frontier and Boundary?
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a frontier is agreed upon by states as no man's land while a boundary is agreed as separation and part of the state
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What is an example of a Frontier?
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the border between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay
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What are the 5 shapes of states?
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Compact
Elongated
Prorupted
Perforated
Fragmented
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What is the +/- of an Elongated State?
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Potential Isolation
long and narrow
poor internal communication
i.e. Chile
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What is the +/- of a Prorupted State?
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Access/Disruption
compact state with a large projecting extension
provides water access or other resource
separates states that would have to share boundaries
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What is the +/- of a Perforated State?
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South Africa
state that completely surrounds another one
encompassed state is dependent on the surrounding state for interactions beyond its boundary
i.e. Lesotho
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What is the +/- of a Compact State?
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Very Efficient
distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly
ideal shape theoretically
shape like a circle
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What is the +/- of a Fragmented State?
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Problematic
state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
2 types
separated by water
separated by intervening state
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Define Gerrymandering
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Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefits the party power
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What are the Types of Gerrymandering?
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Wasted Vote : spread opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority
Excess Vote : concentrates opposition supported into few districts
Stacked Vote : links distant areas of like minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries
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What is the Purpose Gerrymandering?
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to gain political advantage over the other parties
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Define Boundary
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Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
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What are the types of Boundaries?
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Geometric
Physical
Cultural
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What is a Geometric Boundary?
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Straight lines drawn on a map
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What is a Physical Boundary?
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Desert
Mountain
Water
Something physical that can separate two states
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What is a Cultural Boundary?
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Ethnicity or language that can separate the people
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Which Boundaries were drawn after WWI?
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Almost all countries in Europe (break up of Austria, Ottoman Empire, French Empire, USSR, Prussia etc.) and Russia
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What type of Boundary is the one between the US and Canada?
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Geometric
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What type of boundary is the one between the US and Mexico?
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Physical and Geometric
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Define Federal System of Government
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a system that divides up power between a strong national government and smaller local governments
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Define Unitary System of Government
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a sovereign state governed as a single entity
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What is the United Nations?
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intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation
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What is the United Nation's purpose?
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to ensure international peacemaking
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When was the UN created?
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at the end of WWII
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Who does the UN belong to?
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it does not belong to anyone because it is a mutual alliance for peace
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How does the UN cooperate military wise?
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Military from states combine forces
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How does the UN cooperate politically?
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makes sure peace remains in the member states
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How doe the UN cooperate regarding the economy?
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helps support member states if they are not going good financially
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Define Commonwealth
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an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic
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What is the most famous Commonwealth?
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Puerto Rico
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What is the European Union?
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alliance formed within Europe to help heal Western Europe's scars from WWII
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How does the UN positively affect the country?
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the euro (currency) allows for easy travel across the whole country
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Define Terrorism
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the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
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Who was Osama bin Laden?
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child of Mohammad bin Laden, a billionaire, who used the inherited money to fund al-Qaeda
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Who is Al-Qaeda?
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a group whose name means the foundation or the base, that united all opposition fighters in Afghanistan as well as supporters of bin Laden in the Middle East
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What attacks are Al-Qaeda responsible for?
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attack on the World Trade Center
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What kind of organization is Al-Qaeda?
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terrorist organization
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Who founded Al-Qaeda and when?
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Osama bin Laden in 1990
