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Political geography

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THe study of the political organization of the world

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territoriality

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"The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area" Robert Sack

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Robert Ardrey's Territorial Imperative

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Human territoriality is analogous to the instinct in animals to control and defend territory.

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sovereignty

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having the the last say, or control, over a territory -- politically and militarily.

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territorial integrity

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the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states.

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Peace of Westphalia

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peace negotiated in 1648 to end the 30-years war, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security.

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mercantilism

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In a general sense associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the 16th - 18th century that promoted a state's economic position in the contest with other countries. The acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) were central to the policy.

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state

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a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government and is recognized by other states.

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nation

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Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion and other shared cultural attributions. Such homogeneity prevails within very few states.

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nation-state

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Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to parlance, nation-state is used as a synonym for country or state.

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democracy

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government based on the principal that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

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multinational state

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state with more than one nation within its borders.

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multistate nation

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nation that stretches across borders and across states.

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stateless nations

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nation that does not have a state.

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colonialism

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rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, it creates unequal cultural and economic relations. Because of the magnitude and impact of the European colonial project of the last few centuries, the term is generally understood to refer to that particular colonial endeavor.

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capitalism

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economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit.

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commodification

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the process through which something is given monetary value. THis occurs when a good or an idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy.

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core

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processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology: generate more wealth than periphery process in the word economy.

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periphery

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processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy.

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semi-periphery

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places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core, but in turn exploit the periphery.

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ability

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In the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic,and militaristic means.

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centripetal

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forces that tend to unify a country - such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives and a common faith.

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centrifugal

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Forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences.

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unitary

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a nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.

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federal

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a political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests - defense, foreign affairs, and the like - yet allows those various entities to retail their own identities and to have their own law, policies and customs in certain spheres.

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devolution

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the process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

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majority-minority districts

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in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority of the population is from the minority.

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territorial representation

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system wherein representative is elected from a territorially defined district.

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splitting

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in the contxt of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the district

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reapportionment

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process by which representative districts are switched according to the population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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gerrymandering

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redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into eletoral distric to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible.

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boundary

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vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above the surface.

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geometric boundaries

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political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc.

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physical/political boundaries

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political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape - such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range.

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definitional boundary disputes

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they focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement.

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locational boundary disputes

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these center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary.

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operational boundary disputes

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involve neighbors who differ over the way their border should function

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allocational boundary disputes

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dispute over the allocation of natural resources

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Heartland theory

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a geographical hypothesis proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first 2 decades of the 20th century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain significant strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast heartland to the east.

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supranational organization

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a venture involving three or more nation states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.

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WHO

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World Health Organization

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UN

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United Nations

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FAO

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Food and Agriculture Organization

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UNESCO

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United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

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EEC

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European Economic Community

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ECSC

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European Coal and Steel Company

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OEEC

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The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.

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EC

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European Community

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EU

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European Union

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NAFTA

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North American Free Trade Agreement

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ACS

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Association of Caribbean States

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MERCOSUR

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The Southern Cone Community Market

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ECOWAS

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The Economic Community of West African States

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APEC

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Asia Pacific Economic Council

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CIS

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Commonwealth of Independent States

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