Ap Human Geography Chapter 4 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Customs
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The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
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Folk culture
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Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
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Habit
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A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
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Popular culture
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Culture found in large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
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Taboo
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A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs.
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Terrior
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The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.
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Acculturation
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The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
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Assimilation
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Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.
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artifact
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Any object made by humans, especially those from an earlier time, such as those excavated by archaeologists
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built environment
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part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans
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core-domain-sphere model
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core has all elements of culture, domain has some, sphere has a few
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cultural convergence
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contact and interaction of one culture and another
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cultural perception
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how culture affects the way that people observe and interpret the world
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cultural ecology
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Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
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cultural landscape
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Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
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culture realm
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the beliefs and traditions pertaining to a specific area or group.
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culture hearth
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a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward
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culture complex
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a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group
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culture trait
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unit of learned behavior ranging from language spoken, tools used, games played etc
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culture region
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a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
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environmental determinism
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A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.
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globalization
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A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders.
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glocalization
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the process of firms standardizing their products globally, but using different promotional campaigns to sell them
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material culture
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the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
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mentifact
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Nonmaterial parts of a culture such as language, religion, artistic pursuits, folk stories, myths, etc.
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possibilism
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The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
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sequent occupance
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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
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sociofact
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The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational, and religious institutions. Components of the sociological subsystem of culture.
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uniform landscape
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the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another
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vernacular region
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A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
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List elements of the origin and characteristics of folk music
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Originates anonymously Songs transmitted orally Modified with age and conditions Derived from events in daily life
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List elements of the origin and diffusion of popular music
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Written by specific individuals Performed to large numbers of people Sold for profit High degree of technical skill Crossing over of styles
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Where did Amish culture originate and how did it diffuse to the United States?
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Switzerland in 1600s Diffused by migration. Two waves enticed by cheap land. First wave in Pennsylvania, second in Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa
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In what ways is Amish culture distinct from popular culture of the United States?
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Live in isolated, rural communities. Rely on farming and old farming technologies. Little to no use of modern technologies.
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What is happening to the Amish in the United States today?
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Amish culture is continuing to diffuse. Selling homes and moving southwest to Kentucky from Pennsylvania. Moving away from tourists.
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How was soccer transformed from folk culture into popular culture?
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Increased leisure time in 1800s meant more people could play and get good and people were willing to pay so official rules were made and clubs were set up. Professionals were hired to play. Relocation diffusion and TV and radio helped spread across world.
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Despite their anonymous origins, what characteristics of organized spectator sports today characterize them as popular culture?
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People are willing to pay to view in person or on TV.
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Briefly summarize how cultural diversity in the himalayas is displayed in local art?
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Limited interaction produces distinctive folk customs Art is very different and shows that each culture has own traditions
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What cultural institution is shaping these differences?
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Religion greatly influences art in the region
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What environmental conditions are not ensuring similar art forms in this case?
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Buddhists and Hindus depict the harsh weather of the region. Muslims depict regions plants and animists depict physical features rather than climate.
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In MDCs of North America and Western Europe clothing styles generally reflect _____ rather than particular _________.
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occupation and income physical environment
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5 facts about clothing styles associated with popular culture
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trends change quickly clothing produced in factories in developing world similarities between occupations wealthy update wardrobe more often clothing must be produced quickly
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How does clothing (in the case of shoes) indicate the influence of the environment on folk culture?
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footwear must be reliable. wooden shoes for wet weather- fur-lined boots for cold weather
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List 5 different examples of food habits and the unique folk cultures each illustrates
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Abipone people in Paraguay eats jaguars ad bulls The Anitiu People in Japan do not eat otter The Mbum kpau women in chad or goat before becoming pregnant Bostans are small gardens in Istanbul where people plant vegetables In Asia, rice is grown in the wet, mild climate
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Indicate some food attractions and taboos along with the cultures that practice them.
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Italy- quick-frying foods because of oil shortage Northern Europe- slow cooking foods and used wood to warm homes Hebrews in Mediterranean - animals without cloven feet because of sanitation Muslims in Arabian Peninsula- pork because pigs compete with humans for food without offering any benefits Hindus in India- cows because they are needed for agricultre
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In what sense are building materials of folk housing unique? Provide examples.
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Building materials are influenced by available resources and the environment. Wood is useful where available Brick is useful in hot and dry places, also easy to make
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List three examples of house form and the unique folk cultures each illustrates
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Jara: Front door faces south towards south sea goddess Madagascar: Main door faces west (most important direction) and northwestern corner is most sacred Laos: Northern Laos people arrange beds perpendicular because heads are noble and feet are dirty
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List and describe the housing styles identified by Fred Kniffen.
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New England: Saltbox, Cape cod, two chimneys, front gable and wing Middle Atlantic: Two stories, one room deep, two rooms wide Lower Chesapeake: Tidewater style, one room deep, steep roof, chimneys at both ends, raised on brick foundation
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When was each of these styles of home popular, and give a fact about each?
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Minimal traditional: 1935- 1950 Usually one story with dominant front gable. Housed young veterans and families Ranch house: 1935- 1975 Encouraged the sprawl of urban areas Split-level: 1955- 1975 contained he newly invented family room Contemporary style: 1940- 1980 flat or low-pilened roof Shed style: 1960- present High pitched shed roofs to give geometric appreance
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Give two reasons for which television is an especially significant element of culture
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Most popular leisure activity in MDCs Most popular tool by which knowledge of popular culture is diffused
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Describe the situation of worldwide internet usage in each of the following years (1995, 2000, today).
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1995: 40 million users worldwide, 25 million users in US, not yet reached most countries, 61% of users form US 2000: 44% of US population used internet, 40 million worldwide users, reached more of the world, 31% of users from US Today: 77% of US population used internet, 10% of total users from US
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Describe the diffusion of social media.
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Americans always account for the majority of users for new platforms As resources move to developing world, more people in this region begin using social media Social media is very popular in the developing world Today, Americans only account for a portion of social media users, not the majority
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How is the governmental control of television changing?
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As television reaches the developing world and becomes more popular, governments make efforts to block certain channels and own broadcasting
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What is causing changes in governmental control of television?
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The desire of governments to control what citizens have access to: what deem to be moral
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What are the effects of the changes in governmental control of television?
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Resistance and in many cases widespread brainwashing and ignorance
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How and where has folk culture worldwide been threatened y popular culture?
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African and Asian business people have adopted the suit of western business culture as a symbol of authority and leadership
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How have women in many parts of the world been helped by the spread of popular culture? How have they been hurt?
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Women are becoming less subservient. In LDCs prostitution has increased to accommodate demand of tourists.
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How is the playing of golf and golf courses an example of a popular custom which id not generally in harmony with the local environments?
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Due to their large size, they are an imposition on the environment because they call for "remaking" the environment.
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What is a uniform landscape?
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Spatial expression of popular customs in one location is similar to another
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How and why is the concept of uniform landscape utilized by fast food restaurants?
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Franchises and product recognition
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What are the two ways in which popular customs have an adverse effect on the natural environment?
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Depletion of natural resources Pollution
