AP Human Geography Chapter 2, Rubenstein – Flashcards
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Age-sex distribution
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a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
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Agricultural Density
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The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
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Agricultural revolution
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The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
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Arithmetic Density
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The total number of people divided by the total land area.
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Carrying capacity
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largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
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Cartogram
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a special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison.
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Census
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A complete enumeration of a population.
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Cohort
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A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
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The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society.
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
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Demographic equation
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An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration
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Demographic momentum
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(population momentum) the tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
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Demographic Transition Model
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The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth rates and death rates, low rate of natural increase and a higher total population.
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Demography
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The scientific study of population characteristics
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Dependency Ratio
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The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
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Doubling Time
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The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
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Ecumene
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The portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
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Epidemic
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regional outbreak of a disease
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Epidemiologic Transition
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Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
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Epidemiology
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Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence distribution and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
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Exponentially
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at a very fast rate
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Industrial Revolution
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A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
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The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
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Life Expectancy
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The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
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Medical Revolution
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Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
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Natality rate
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Measures the rate of births per 1000 population
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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
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The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
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Neo-Malthusian
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theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food
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Overpopulation
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The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
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Pandemic
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Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
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Physiological Density
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The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
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Population density
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a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
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Population distribution
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the way the population is spread out over an area
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Population explosion
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the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century
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Population projection
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a statement of a population's future size, age, and sex composition based on the application of stated assumptions to current data
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Population Pyramid
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A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
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Sex Ratio
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The number of males per 100 females in the population.
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Thomas Malthus
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an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
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The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
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A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
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Life expectancy at birth
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the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
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Stationary Population Level (SPL)
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the level at which a national population ceases to grow
