AP Human Geography Chapter 10 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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agribusiness
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commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
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agricultural hearths
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origins of agricultural practices
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agriculture
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the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
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biotechnology
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genetically altering crops using DNA manipulation to increase production
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cereal grains
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a grass that yields grain for food
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Columbian Exchange
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the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
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commercial agriculture
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agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
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desertification
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degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
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enclosure
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process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers
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erosion
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the mechanical process of wearing something down
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extensive agriculture
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an agricultural system characterized by low labor per unit of land area
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extensive subsistence agriculture
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takes up a lot of land and food is used for consumption, not sale
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Green Revolution
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rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
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horticulture
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the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
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industrial agriculture
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current stage of commercial agriculture resulting from the shift of the farm as the center of production to a position as just one step
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intensive agriculture
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farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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intensive subsistence agriculture
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a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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location theory
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a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing area are interrelated
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long-lot survey system
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land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals
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Mediterranean agriculture
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an agricultural system practiced in Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations
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metes and bounds survey system
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system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural feature; very imprecise
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milk shed
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the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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Neolithic revolution
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the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8000 BC
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nomadism
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movement among a definite set of places
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nucleated settlement patterns
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villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields
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organic agriculture
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crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
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pampas
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the vast grassy plains of northern Argentina
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pastoral nomadism
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a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
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plantation farming
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a large estate owned by an individual group organized to sell one or two cash crops using slave labor
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primogeniture
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system where the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, a daughter inherits all of the parents' land
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rectangular survey system
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system that divides land into a series of rectangular parcels
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second agricultural revolution
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dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, and storage of farm produce
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seed agriculture
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reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seed, which result from sexual fertilization
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seed drill
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machine that sows seeds in rows and covers up the seed in rows
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shifting/swidden agriculture
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a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period; slash and burn
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subsistence agriculture
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agriculture in which only enough food is produced to feed your family
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sustainable agriculture
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farming methods that preserve long term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
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third agricultural revolution
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still in progress; based on new, high-yielding strains of grains and other crops developed in laboratories using modern techniques of genetic engineering
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truck farming
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commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities"
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Von Thunen
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his model shows the location of any agriculture in regard to a commercial economy
