AP Human Geography- Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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geography
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the study of earth's physical & cultural landscapes, spatial patterns, inter-relationships
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Tobler's First Law of Geo
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all things are related, but near things are more related than far things
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distance decay
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the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions
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distance decay effect
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the interaction between 2 locales declines as the distance between them increases
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friction of distance
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the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome
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physical geography
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studies the natural environment (climates, landforms, vegetation)
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human geography
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the study of location of people and human activities across Earth's surface, and of their relationships to one another
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place
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meaningful human associations with a location
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sense of place
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feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place
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latitude
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circle the earth parallel to the equator & measure the distance north or south of the equator
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equator lies....
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at 0 degrees latitude
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poles lie....
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90 degrees N (north), 90 degrees S (south)
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longitude
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aka meridians, circle the earth from pole to pole
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Prime Meridian
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0 degrees longitude; runs through Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
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International Date Line
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an arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude; when you head east (toward america) moves back 1 day, west (toward asia) moves ahead 1 day
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how many degrees in 1 minute?
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1 degree=60 minutes
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spatial scale
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proved a "shorthand" for discussing relative lengths, areas, distances, and sizes
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small scale maps
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the place being mapped looks small on map but has a large denominator
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large scale maps
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local area
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representative fraction
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the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on earth's surface
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isoline
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a line that connects places of equal data value
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isoline maps
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show changes in the variable being mapped across a surface by lines that connect pints of equal value
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general-purpose maps
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maps that show a wide range of general information about an area
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physical maps
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show the location, topography (shape) of the earth's physical features
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political maps
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show the boundaries between countries
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image map
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satellite images or aerial photos
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cartogram
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space is distorted to emphasize a particular attribute
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dot maps
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use a dot to represent the occurrence of some variable in order to depict variation in density in a given area
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cloropleth map
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ranked classes of some variable are depicted with colors for predefined zones
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cartography
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the art & science of mapmaking
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GIS
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uses data from maps, satellite images, printed text, and statistics to make maps
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possibilism
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is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.
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density
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frequency in space
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concentration
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the spread of something over space
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dispersed
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objects relatively far apart
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pattern
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the geometric arrangement of something in a study area (space)
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toponym
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a named derived from a place of region
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4 ways to identify location
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1. name
2. mathematical
3. site
4. situation
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uniform regions
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areas w/ distinctive characteristics and/or similar landscapes
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functional regions
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defined by a node of activity and distance decay from center
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vernacular regions
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perceived to exist by it inhabitants
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hearth
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the source of any innovation
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types of cultural diffusion
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contagious diffusion, hierarchical, stimulus, relocation
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contagious diffusion
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from a center outward, as the ripples which result from a stone thrown into a still pond; a form of expansion diffusion
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hierarchical diffusion
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a form of expansion diffusion (ex: big areas first, then small)
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stimulus diffusion
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Not all ideas can be readily and directly adopted by a receiving population (but the stimulus still has an impact)
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relocation diffusion
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often associated with migrants who take their cultural traits with them over long distances (often followed by expansion diffusion)
