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Acculturation

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The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

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Assimilation

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the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

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Cultural adaptation

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The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.

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Cultural core/periphery pattern

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The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of region and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties

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Cultural ecology

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the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in

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Cultural identity

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Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect. You can "identify with" a group or "identify against" a group (what you are, or what you are not).

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Cultural landscape

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The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

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Cultural realm

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The entire region that displays the characteristics of a culture. For example, Latin America is a cultural realm because the entire region speaks a language based on Latin

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Culture

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body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition.

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Culture region

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Is..... Formal: An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics -core- Center of economic activity -periphery- Outlying region of economic activity Functional(nodal): Region organized at a node or focal point Vernacular(perceptual & region self-awareness): A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

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Diffusion types

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Expansion- idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth -hierarchical- spreads to most linked people or places first. -contagious- spreads adjacently -stimulus- idea promotes a local experiment or change in the way people do things. Relocation- movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant location.

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Innovation adoption

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Study of how why and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture

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Maladaptive diffusion

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Diffusion of a process with negative side effects

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Sequent Occupance

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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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Adaptive strategies

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A group's system of economic production. Key factor in shaping all other aspects of the culture. Dependent on the relationship between environment and technology.

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Anglo-American landscape characteristics

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...

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Architectural form

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The look of housing, effected by the available materials,the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time.

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Built environment

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The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings.

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Folk culture

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Refers to a constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional soci¬eties in which they developed.

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Folk food

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food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture

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Folk house

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houses that reflect cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of environment. The form of each house is related in part to environmental as well as social conditions.

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Folk songs

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composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes.

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Folklore

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The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.

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Material culture

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The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture

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Nonmaterial culture

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ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior in a region

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popular culture

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Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

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Survey systems

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pattern of land division used in an area

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Traditional architecture

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traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

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Creole

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A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it.

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Dialect

answer

Geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary some¬what from the parent form.

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Indo-European languages

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the languages almost all other languages came from

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Isogloss

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A boundary that separates regions in which different

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Language

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A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

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Language family

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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

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Language group

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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

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Language subfamily

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A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.

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Lingua franca

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An extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other, more-complex languages usually used for quick and efficient communication.

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Linguistic diversity

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the degree that a society is marked by a mosaic of local languages and multilingualism; constitutes a centrifugal force because it impedes communication within the larger population

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Monolingual/ multilingual

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Mono- can only speak one language fluently Multi-can speak more than one language fluently

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Official language

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The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

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Pidgin

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A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

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Toponym

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Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams.

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Trade language

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A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

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Animism

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Most prevalent in Africa and the Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers.

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Buddhism

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System of belief that seeks to explain ultimate realities for all people-such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self-realization.

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Cargo cult pilgrimage

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Cargo Cult's believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Melanesia and is important go human geography because it's a big religious movement by a large number of people

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Christianity

answer

The world's most widespread religion. Christianity is a monothe¬istic, universal religion that uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide. The three major categories of Christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox.

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Confucianism

answer

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

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Ethnic religion

answer

Religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts.

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Exclave / enclave

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Exclave- a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory. Enclave- an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it

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Fundamentalism

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Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

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Geomancy (feng shui)

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Divination by means of signs connected with the earth (as points taken at random or the arrangement of particles thrown down at random or from the configuration of a region and its relation to another)

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Hadj

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A pilgrimage to Mecca, made as an objective of the religious life of a Muslim

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Hinduism

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A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that inte¬grates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system.

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Interfaith boundaries

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boundaries between the major religions

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Islam

answer

A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad.

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Jainism

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a religion founded in India in the 6th century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed

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Judaism

answer

The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of eth¬nic identity, and its adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live.

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Landscapes of the dead

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The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. This is important to human geography because it has always been important where people are buried

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Monotheism / polytheism

answer

Mono- The worship of only one god. Poly- The worship of more than one god.

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Mormonism

answer

a term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.

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Muslim pilgrimage

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If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah. (Mecca) They usually make the trip around Ramadan. This pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.

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Muslim population

answer

It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world. It is the predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world's Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.

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Proselytic religion

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Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. There are three religions that practice this they are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your religion. This important to human geography because these are three of the biggest religions in the world they are practiced all over the world.

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Reincarnation

answer

the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives; believed that castes were based upon previous lives and that if you fulfilled your duties, you would move up in the next life

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Religion (groups, places)

answer

a system of beliefs and practices that a group of people uses to answer questions about life

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Religious architectural styles

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These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues. This is important to human geography because these styles affected most of the future styles for other civilizations.

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Religious conflict

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this is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects human geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over Religious Conflict.

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Religious culture hearth

answer

This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. This is important to human geography because where religions are created, civilizations are too.

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Religious toponym

answer

This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to human geography because many names mean significant things including beliefs of cultures.

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Sacred space

answer

Sacred space is the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies. This is important to human geography because a lot of history has taken place at sacred spaces.

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Secularism

answer

The belief in material things instead of religious things. This was a shift away from Medieval thinking.

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Shamanism

answer

Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world.

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Sharia law

answer

it is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles. This is important to human geography because it affects many people around Muslims around the world.

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Shintoism

answer

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

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Sikhism

answer

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

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Sunni / Shia

answer

Sunni- A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad Shia- the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

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Taoism

answer

popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic0

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Theocracy

answer

a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

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Universalizing

answer

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location

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Zoroastrianism

answer

Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end

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Acculturation

answer

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

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Adaptive strategy

answer

The unique way in which each culture uses it's particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense

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Assimilation

answer

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

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Barrio

answer

A spanish speaking neighborhood.

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Chain migration

answer

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

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Cultural adaptation

answer

The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.

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Cultural shatterbelt

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a politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict. Cultural clashes. for example, Indonesia with a background of multicultural, ethnicities and religions.

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Ethnic cleansing

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The systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide.

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Ethnic conflict

answer

An ethnic conflict is a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources. Ethnic conflict often includes genocide. It can also be caused by boundary disputes

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Ethnic enclave

answer

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

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Ethnic group

answer

Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics

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Ethnic homeland

answer

the concept of the place (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with

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Ethnic landscape

answer

area of land with the same culture

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Ethnic neighborhood

answer

An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background.

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Ethnicity

answer

Refers to a group of people who share a common identity.

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Ethnocentrism

answer

tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

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Ghetto

answer

a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

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Plural society

answer

a society in which different cultural groups keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions

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Race

answer

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

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Segregation

answer

separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

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Social distance

answer

the extent to which people are willing to interact and establish relationships with members of racial and ethnic groups other than their own

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Dowry death

answer

In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.

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Enfranchisement

answer

A statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote).

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Gender

answer

the classification of being male or female

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Gender gap

answer

The difference between the political opinions or political behavior of men and women.

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Infanticide

answer

The act of killing an infant

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Longevity gap

answer

the gap between the life expectancy of men and women

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Maternal mortality rate

answer

annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 women.

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