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Industrial Revolution

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beginning in Britain around 1750 this revolution shifted Europe from a traditional economy focused on farming and labor to a capital economy focused on industry and production of goods it caused a mass exodus from rural country life to urban areas and a loss of the rural intimacy of life, it led to Britain becoming the wealthiest nation at the time until 50 years later in which they were joined by Germany and the United States.

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Agricultural Revolution

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led to the Industrial Revolution took place in the 18th century new methods of farming and breeding let to sturdier more abundant harvests and less labor intensive work food was cheaper but there was now a surplus of workers and farmers.

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Cotton Industry

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in the eighteenth century new advancements in technology caused the Cotton Industry to boom the flying shuttle sped the process of weaving, the spinning jenny allowed yarn to be produced quicker as well as the water frame and mule, now that they could be produced in larger quantities and good quality quickly the textile industry began to reap the benefits.

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Canals

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canals were used to link rivers and major cities together, it was a cheap easy way to transport products on boats and could move more then horses and mules, the boom of canals also changed society people would go to watch boats on the canal or simply go on boat rides on them for leisure

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Richard Arkwright's Water Frame

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created in 1769 it was another spinning machine that used water or a horse to power the loom.

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James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny

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finished in 1768 it allowed spinners to use eight threads to produce yarn in larger quantities.

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Samuel Crompton's Mule

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created in 1779 it took the best parts of the Spinning Jenny and Water Frame and made it into one power loom that was more efficient.

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hand-loom weavers

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this looms were done by hand instead of automated like the power looms they were still used since they were highly efficient until the 1820s when they were fully replaced by machines.

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the Cottage System

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this system died out with the Industrial Revolution and inventions of new machines like power looms, it was cheaper and easier for them to bring the workers to the factories then send the products out.

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Coal and Coke

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the steam engine was powered by coal and it's popularity led to an expansion of coal mining, coke was made by slowly burning coal, it heated iron ore more efficiently then charcoal and was used in the processes of smelting and puddling

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James Watt and the Rotary Engine

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a Scottish engineer who created the rotary engine its purpose was to turn a shaft and drive machinery led to the steam engines wide use it could be used to spin and weave cotton and its use spread to other industries

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Henry Cort

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he was an inventor who created a process called puddling which produced high quality malleable durable iron it was part of the

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Puddling

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a process in which coke was used to burn pig iron which was formed through smelting to produce wrought iron which was more malleable and sturdy

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Richard Trevithick

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revealed the first steam powered locomotive it pulled ten tons of irons ore and seventy people at the speed of five miles per hour was the first train

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George Stephenson's Rocket

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he and his son. Tilt an engines that were the first locomotives used on public railway lines it went 16 miles per hour and was revolutionary at its time

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Railroads

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major contribution to the Industrial Revolution they allowed people and goods to travel long distances and let England prosper its need for coal and iron led to the growth of these industries and the skills learned from building railroads led to Britain monopolizing the mechanical engineering industry and encouraged people to invest in joint stock companies to fund these endeavors also created new jobs and caused overall growth of the economy

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the Factory

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the workplace shifted from the cottage industry to the factory. Due to the large machines now doing most of the work people were hired just t run the machines, since these machines could run constantly with enough fuel factory owners forced workers to work in hours and shifts so the machines could produce a study input, this was new since in preindustrial times most were agricultural laborers and worked whenever there was harvest, and for the cottage industry they would only work their weekly quotas and relax once they were reached people were not used to the lack of free time

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Factory Discipline

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this lack of free time and rough hours caused most workers to not want to show up for their shifts to combat this factories had to make rules and regulations that were very specific they would fine workers for minor infractions and dismiss them for more serious infractions for young workers they would beat them they also focused on Methodism as a religion since it centered on hard work

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Great Exhibition of 1851

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the world's first industrial fair, organized by Britain it was housed in the Crystal Palace and hosted 100,000 exhibits that showed products created by the industrial revolution six million people visited it over the six months it was open, it was a demonstration of Britain's success and wealth as well as imperial power at this time Britain controlled half the worlds coal and it's output from the cotton industry rivaled those of Europe even with all the countries combined it was growing at triple the rate

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the Crystal Palace

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an enormous palace made of glass and iron it was a monument to the industrial revolution and man conquering nature

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Tariffs

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a tax on imported goods that governments in Europe used to encourage industrialization so their own industries will grow and expand

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Joint-Stock Investment Banks

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became popular in the Industrial Revolution several small investors would buy stock together for rising new companies in order to make a profit

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Credit Mobilier

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french joint stock bank that was fraudulent and took the money of the Union Pacific railroad instead of using it to build said railroad

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the Kreditanstalt

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Austrian joint-stock bank took money from small investors and put them into stocks in industries

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the American System

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it was mainly families who worked together in factories, women, children and immigrants were the main labor force this unskilled labor was a huge driving part of American industrialization factory owners used these untrained laborers to work in the machines, this labor intensive economy pushed them to succeed

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Steamboats

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these boats were powered by the steam engine and became a prime part of transportation especially in America where the steamboats would travel on the mississippi river to transport goods

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India's cotton cloth production

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India had been one of the world's greatest exporter of cotton but when it was taken over by Britain, their raw materials like cotton were exported and they had to buy British goods, this caused a rise of unemployment and ruined India's textile industry

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Ireland and the Potato

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the potato was a nutritious and easy to grow vegetable for the poor Irish peasants, since an acre of potatoes would be enough to feed a whole family people began to be married earlier and have more children this growth of population only made people more dependent on potatoes but when a disease infected the potatoes millions of peasants died from starvation.

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the Great Famine

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Ireland was composed of catholic peasants renting from British landlords most lived in poverty and were dependent on the potato when a blight killed most of the crop most Irish peasants die or emigrated to the U.S and Britain

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Suburbs

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outer ring of the city where wealthy middle class resided, they had individual homes with gardens which was a step up from the crowded row houses and slums of the industrial working class, the streets were dirty and the air was full of pollution and smoke from the factories

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Britain's Poor Law Commission

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they investigated and reported the disgusting conditions of industrial cities, they showed the debilitating effect of urban industrial life on the workers, working class men were shorter, scrawnier and weaker then those not living in the city.

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Edwin Chadwick

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an urban reformer he aimed to eliminate the poverty and disgusting conditions in cities he was the secretary of the Poor Law Commission and after three years of studying the urban slums he wrote a Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain where he summarized his findings that the waste, pollution festering in these areas caused disease he advocated for sanitary reforms in cities

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Cholera

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this disease was rampant in overcrowded cities and causes severe vomiting and diarrhea that lead to dehydration and death, once people began to realize that the unsanitary conditions of cities caused this disease the middle and upper class began embracing sanitary reform

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Bourgeoisie

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the Industrial Revolution caused a rise in the middle class they moved from not only merchants, officials, artisans, lawyers and scholars but also and person involved in commerce, industry and other professionals

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the Old and New Elites

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industrial entrepreneurs rose as the new elite as they began to grow wealthier, so the new bourgeois often merged with the old elites who sought their wealth and the new elite who sought land and political power

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Working Class

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mixture of several groups agricultural laborers, industrial workers, domestic servants, conditions for the working class were wretched especially for factory workers

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Child Labor

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children worked in mines and factories for little pay in awful conditions the cramped mines with their polluted air lead to kids with deformities and weak lungs, since they were small in size they were hired a lot in cotton factories so they could crawl under machines and between them, they worked long hours with little food, orphans and abandoned children were forced to work in factories and many children formed deformities from the hard work legislation passed in the 1830s and 1840s did help the children have better conditions but it didn't change everything

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Domestic Servants

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young peasant women often left home to work as domestic servants for the bourgeois by taking care of their house doing cooking and cleaning for many different households as well as laundry

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Trades Unions

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association and groups of skilled workers in the same profession who formed together to gain benefits from employers and to preserve their own positions they began to carry out strikes against the horrid working conditions

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Robert Owen

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one of the leaders of the national union moment he wanted to create voluntary associations to encourage cooperative not competitive living

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the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

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formed in February 1834 it's goal was to coordinate a strike for an eight hour work day and consolidate all the trades into one union the lack of support led to it's collapse and separate trade unions returned

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the Amalgamated Society of Engineers

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largest and most successful union formed in 1850 it allowed unemployment benefits for a small weekly payment

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Luddites

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skilled craftspeople who lived in Midlands and northern England they attacked machines and the industrial revolution since it was causing them to lose their jobs

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Chartism and the People's Charter

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movement aimed to create a political democracy it's name came from the People's Charter which demanded universal male suffrage, wages for Parliament people and eliminating the rule that you have to own land to be in Parliament, also advocated for yearly Parliament sessions, women were part of this movement but women's suffrage was not part of this platform Chartism slowly faded out of popularity

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the London Workingmen's Association

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they wrote the People's Charter in 1838 that was the basis of the Chartism movement and championed for universal male suffrage.

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Factory Acts

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passed between 1802 and 1819 these acts limited labor for kids 9-16 to twelve hours a day and forbid any work for children under nine also said children were to learn reading and arithmetic while employed only applied to cotton mills laws were not really enforced, the other factory act of 1833 made it so that all textile factories fell under those laws reduced the hours to 8 for children aged nine to thirteen and 12 for thirteen to eighteen and created a fine factory owners who didn't abide by the laws children also had to have two hours of education during the day

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Ten Hours Act of 1847

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reduced the workday for those who are thirteen to eighteen to 10 hours as well as for women

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Coal Mines Act of 1843

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eliminated the employment of men under ten in the mines and women as well

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the Poor Law of 1834

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this law forced poor people to enter work houses were they would be separated from their families force to live in small cramped rooms with multiple people, work long hard hours for cheap unsustainable food

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the Workhouse

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were the poor were forced to live due to the Poor Law unsanitary conditions, bad food, and assigned work hours were all part of the workhouse

AP European History Chapter 20- The industrial revolution – Flashcards

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