Ap European History Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfre – Flashcards
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Also known as Northern Humanism. It was focusing on the Holy Scriptures and the church's fathers; writings. Its goal was to simplify Christianity and make inner piety.
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Christian Humanism
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It was a book written by the Christian Humanist --Erasmus-- making fun of and critizing the monks for not practing reall religion.
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Desiderius Erasmus's The Praise of Folly
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A book about More's idea of a perfect society with no corruption in the church and is essentially communism.
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Thomas More's Utopia
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When high church officials took more than ome office. Led to absenteeissm.
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Pluralism
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Occured from pluralism. Church officials ignored their duties and hired underlings who often cared less than they did.
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Absenteeism
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Physical things the Catholic church believed one must do to be saved. Protestants only followed 2 and only did it because they wanted to not because they though they had to.
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Sacraments
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A German scholar who studied law and theology and said one must only have faith in Jesus and then they will be saved.
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Martin Luther
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Protestants following Luther and others believed that to be saved all one must do is believe in Jesus died on the cross and saved everyone from ther sins.
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Salvation by faith
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Martin Luther's idea saying Priest have nothing special as all people can understand God's word and all people are equal under god. And every Christian is their own priest.
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Priesthood of all believers
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Indulgences were amounts of money offered to shave time of purgatory. Johnn Tezel said "As soon as the coin as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory rings.
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Johnn Tetzel and indulgences
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Martin Luther's document opposing indulgences and saying why they are wrong. Marks beginning of the Reformation. It had a large impact in Germany with people that were already upset with the Papacy.
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Ninety-Five Theses
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It made Martin Luther and outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire and his works were to be burned and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor.
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The Edict of Worms
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Peasants in Germany were upset by the poor economy only they were suffering from and looked towards Martin Luther for help and because he could do nothing they revolted against him. Luther wrote a pamphlet asked the princes to control the peasants and they did.
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The Peasant War of 1524
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The transformation of the bread into Jesus in the Lord's Supper. Martin Luther only believed he was present in the bread.
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Transubstantiation
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Protestant Minister and family
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King of Spain and its territories, Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungar, Low countries, and Naples. Hw wanted to make his empire Catholic but because of opposition he wasnt able to and unwillingly let Lutherism remain. He sacked Rome in 1527 and took a lot of Italy.
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Charles V
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He was the Pope that joined forces with the king of France, Francis I. He did this because he feared Charles V's power. Then Charles sacked Rome in 1527 and he took most of Italy in return for leaving the Pope alone.
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Pope Clement VII
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Leader of the Ottoman Turks who attacked Charles V and had previously attacked and killed his brother and took his land: Hungary.
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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In 1555 a treaty between Germany and Charles V which ended religious warfare and it acknowledged different forms of Christianity.
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Peace of Augsburg
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He was te Swedish baron who overthrew Christian II, the king of Sweden.
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Gustavus Vasa
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A priest in Switzerland who started a reformation in Switzerland. He only differed from Luther in thinking Jesus being in the bread was only figurative.
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Ulrich Zwingli
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The debate between Luther and Zwingli about the Lord's Supper. Specifically they were arguing if Jesus was in the bread or not.
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Marburg Colloquy
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Anabaptist were Protestants who took the Bible 100% literally. They only followed the BIble too. Also believed in complete separation of church and state. All believers equal. Honored Lord's Supper as more of a meal of fellowship. Munster was taken over by Anabaptists. Popular in Switzerland and parts of Europe.
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Anabaptists Munster
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Malchorites (type of Anabaptists) belief. It said end of the world was soon and Munster was the New Jerusalem.
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millenarianism
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Rejuvinated Dutch Anabaptism. He advocated peaceful evangelical Anabaptism that stressed separation from the world in order to truly be like Jesus. He imposed strict discipline on his followers and baned those who would follow the rules. Mennonites were his followers. Modern day descendants- Amish and Mennonites.
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Menno Simons
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He had a total of six wives. Catherine of Aragon was his first but she didnt produce a male heir and he wanted a divorce. His second was Anne of Boles. He loved heer and she was already pregnant but she had Elizabeth. He eventually grew tired of her and accused her of a adultery and had her killed. His third wife produced a male heir but she died in childbirth. His fourth was a geraman princess but when he saw her he thought she was ugly and ivorced her. His fifth commited adultery and he beheaded her. His final one outlived him.
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Henry the VIII's wives
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THis was the act that separated England from the Holy Roman Empire. It said Henry VIII was the head of the church. He made this so he could get his divorce against his first wife.
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Act of Supremacy
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Book written by Parliment stating new acts: the right of the clergy to marry, the elimintation of images, and the creation of a revised liturgy.
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Book of Common Prayer
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Edward was the heir of Henry VIII. He was only nine when he came to the throne so his power was passed to the council of Regency. He died at the age of 15 because he was sickly. His succesor was Bloody Mary who was Catholic and has the title because she killed over 300 Protestant heretics, as there was much opposition to her attempt to bring back Catholicism.
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Edward VI and Bloody Mary
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Inventor of Calvinism. It was a protestant religion that followed closely to Luther's beliefs but he differed from him in emphasizing God's absolute authority and that even though you may believe you might not get into hevean. He believed in faith alone for salvation. Said all were equal.
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John Calvin
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John Clavin's idea saying even though you may belive in God you might not get into heaven because God has pre-destined some people to be condemned or the same thing with one who doesnt believe. He said God had already decided on everyone. And there is no way to be sure of salvation or non-salvation. It led to people thinking they were doing God's work on Earth and made Clavinism an activist and dynamic faith.
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Predestination
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Where John Calvin took up ministry unti l1564 when he died. A system of the government called the Consistory made for keeping the people of Geneva in check religiously. It went from just correcting to harsh punishment. It became a center of protestantism because of Calvin's success there. Missionaries werre sent out from there too.
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Geneva
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Prtostants followed humanist education and they believed all to have education so they aimed schools at a wider audience and had the public pay for child education. They also invented seconday school which taught liberal arts as well as religion.
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Protestant education
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English Calvinists who attempted to rid of drinking in taverns, dramtic performances, and dancing.
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Puritans
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Catholics brought back the best of medival practices and modified them to fit the time. Especially evident in mysticism.
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Catholic Reformation
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A nun of the Carmelite order who experienced a variety of mystical visions that she claimed resulted in the estatic union of her soul with God. She believed mystical experience should lead to an active life of service on behalf of her Catholic faith. She founded an order of bare-foot Carmelite nuns to foster their mystical experiences.
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Saint Theresa of Avila
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The founder of the Jesuits. He was a Spanish nobleman. His iinjuries cut his military career short. He experienced spiritual torment like Luther but instead of making a new doctrine he just sumbited himself to the church. He wrote The Spiritual Exercises which was a trainning book for spiritual development. He was a complete follower of the Catholic church.
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Ignatius Loyola
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Also known as the Society of Jesus, they were Catholics dedicated to following the Catholic Church exactly. Founded by Ignatius Loyola. Recognized by the Catholic Church in 1540 by a papal bull. They also encouraged a strong hierchical rule over themselves, education to help themselves do work, and dedication to help them fight for God. Also they set up schools, spread the word of God and they would hold the Catholic banner and fight Protestantism.
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Jesuits
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He was a Jesuit was an original member whocarried the message of Catholic Christianity to the East, ministering to India and Japan before dying of a fever.It in Japan didnt last long but in China it lasted longer.
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Francis Xavier
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He was the Pope who recognized the Jesuits and summoned the Council of Trent. He also established the Holy Office or Roman Inquisition whichgot rid of document errors.
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Pope Paul III
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Pope Paul III called the council, in 1542, of Christendom to resolve the religious differences made by the Protestant revolt. 1545 is when it actually assembled in Trent. IT happened to more times and the Council stopped at 1563. The final decrees were Catholic tradition.
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Council of Trent
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French Clavinists of all level of society. About 7% of the French Population. Were very organized. They were the main cause of the French Civil Wars. The monarchy (Catherine de' Medici and her sons) didnt like their religion and how big they were and them being Catholic attacked them in 1562. They wre unable to be defeated for a while but they were too small to conquer France. Leader was Henry of Navarre./ Some Huguenots were at a wedding that was, for a time, supposed to brig the two sides to peace, but the monarchy attacked and slaughhtered them unfairly. their leader saved himslef by "turning Catholic" and did that later too realizing it was the logical way.
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Huguenots and Saint Bartholomew's Day
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Henry gave up and turned Catholicto avoid anymore bloodshed and then the war endedl 1594, but religious problems continued until the Edict of Nantes which stated Catholicism was the main religion in France but Huguenots would be recognized too and given places to worship and fortified towns.
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Henry IV and the edict of Nantes
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King of Spain. He wanted to secure his father's, Charles V's, land, which included Sapin, Netherlands, parts of Italy, and parts of the New World. He thus tried to achieve Catholicism in his empire and a strong monarchial authority. He tried to be the center of the government and fell behind in work. He had trouble stablizing his empire as they all had an individual relationship with the king as opposed to all joined as one. Tried to make Sapin a great power in Europe. Went into debt because they were in war. Also known as the "Most Catholic King"
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Philip II
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A great victory of Sapin. Muslims attacked Cyprus and they had a stunning victory over the Turkish fleet in 1571.
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The Battle of Lepanto
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The New World
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Philip II's territory and one of his richest. Divdied in 17 provinces. North 7 were mainly German and south 10 were French. A crossroads of trading. There was a revolt of Calvinists who were almost crushed by Philip and they got mad also because of the taxes they were paying were going to Spain. They vandalized the physical church. He triead to stop them but it proved unsuccessful. They tried to unite under Willaim of Orange to expell the Spanish but they couldnt respect religion.
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The Netherlands
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When a Spanish leader came and played religion head o head in the Netherlands they divided in to two groups. the North being the Union of Utrecht and the South was the Union of Arras. Eventually the North split off after and truce and some years waiting for Spanish recognition. The South stayed Spanish though.
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Union of Utrecht
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Elizabeth
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Spanish Armada
