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Capital

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Wealth used to create more wealth

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Agricultural Revolution

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Prolonged changes in the English farming economy that led to new fertilizers, new tools, new crops, etc...

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Enclosure Acts

answer

Laws passed by Parliament to fence in old common lands and partition them among landowners

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Kay

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Inventor of the fly shuttle

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Arkwright

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Patented the water frame

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Spinning Jenny

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A machine that could spin several threads at once

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Cotton gin

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Machine created by Eli Whitney

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Boulton and Watt

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Manufacturers of steam engines in late 18th century, improve upon earlier designs

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Newcomen

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Original inventor of the steam engine

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Fulton

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Puts steam engines on boats, in coal fields, and on locomotives

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Manchester

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Primary industrial city of England

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Cotton lords

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Hard working and self-made factory owners who dislike government intervention

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Factory Act

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Law passed in the UK that aims to regulate labor but is not enforced

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Malthus

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English economist who says increases in population will outdo increases in agricultural production

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Ricardo

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English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market

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Manchester School

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Economic school that states that government should do as little as possible and that laissez-faire economics are the best

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Iron Law of Wages

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Economic rule that states that workers should exist only on the bare minimum

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Gothic Revival

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Romantic art movement that focused on a nostalgic view of the middle ages

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Liberals

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Anti-monarchical, self-governmental, enlightened professionals who prefer a free trade economy and a constitutional monarchy

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John Stuart Mill

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Author of "Subjection of Women" who wants men and women to have the same political rights

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Radicalism

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Ism that takes places especially in England, aims to reconstruct laws and courts, impose a total democracy for men, dislike the Church of England and the squirearchy, and want a government based on human nature

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Republicanism

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Ism that looks towards French Republic as a model, usually academics, working-class, or veterans; somewhat revolutionary, anticlerical, and favor a parliamentary government

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Socialism

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Ism that believes in redistribution of wealth, particularly among the working classes, and whose adherents prefer cooperation to competition

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Robert Owen

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English factory owner who creates a model community for employees, and crusades for social reform

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Count de Saint-Simon

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Early French socialist who wants a planned society with large projects, has a sort of socialism named after him

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Fourier

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Crazy socialist who renounces all social institutions and wants to reorganize them into hotel-like socialist utopias

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Phalansteries

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Concept by a particularly crazy socialist that are comprised of socialistically organized utopian buildings

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Louis Blanc

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Socialist who represents the French working classes, proposes social workshops

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Communism

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Ism that develops apart from utopian socialism and is more radical, but that goes out of use until the Russian Revolution of 1917

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Wollstonecraft

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English feminist who works to secure rights for women, publishes "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

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Egalitarian Feminism

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Kind of feminism that tries to gain political rights for women

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Anne Wheeler and William Thompson

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Socialist feminists who publish "an Appeal on Behalf of Women"

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Harriet Taylor

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Feminist who works with another feminist man to publish "Subjection of Women," believes women are inherently equal to men

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George Sand

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Woman who dresses like a man, writes about independent women, and is a symbol for 'radical feminism'

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Nationalism

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Ism that describes especially patriotic movements for self-determination of countries

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Volksgeist

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Herder's 'spirit of the people,' defines much national unity

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Carbonari

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Italian secret society concerned with unifying the country

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Mazzini

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Italian nationalist philosopher who organizes Young Italy and believes in unification

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Grimm's Fairy Tales

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A collection of German stories gathered by a pair of brothers

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Hegel

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German philosopher who develops idea of dialectic, which pits a thesis against an antithesis and then a consolidation of the two in a synthesis, believes in Universal Spirit

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von Ranke

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German historian who believes in the greatness of European diversity, says that Germans need to develop a fundamentally unique state

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List

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Author of "National System of Political Economy," says that the English economy is only suited to England, and that all nations should be industrialized in their own way

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Lazar

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Romanian who teaches on the history of the past glories of his country

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Slavic Revival

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Resurgence of Slavic culture

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Vuk Karajich

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Serb who develops literary language, explores artistic Slavic values

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Palacky

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Author of "A History of Czech People" in Czech

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Miciewicz

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Polish poet who teaches in France and calls for independence

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Conservatism

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Ism that upholds the monarchy, aristocracy, essentially the 'old' values

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Humanitarianism

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Ism that deals with concern over cruelty inflicted on others and how to relieve suffering

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White terror

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Reaction in France when conservatives murder republicans and Bonapartists

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Charles X

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Inheritor of the throne after Louis XVIII who attempts to stamp out liberalism

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Burschenschaft

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Academic political clubs in Germany that correspond with each other for nationalist purposes

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Carlsbad Decrees

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Series of decrees by Metternich to undo nationalist conventions, censor things, bring down reformist government officials

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Corn Laws

answer

Laws passed by Parliament to protect price of grain in the UK, but that leads to an increase in food prices

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Peterloo Massacre

answer

An incident in which peaceful industrial workers in protest are shot at by the army, and 11 are killed

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Six Acts

answer

Laws passed by Parliament that restrict rights in order to protect the government

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Cato Street Conspiracy

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Plan to kill the cabinet in response to restrictions of common rights

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Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle

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Congress of Allied forces still occupying France when they finally withdraw

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Spanish Constitution of 1812

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Document in Spain that outlines new government, deposes old monarchic rule

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Congress of Troppau

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Congress organized by Metternich that convinces Alexander I that revolution isn't that great

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Protocol of Troppau

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Declaration that states that international action should protect recognized European states as opposed to revolutionary/republican ones

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Ypsilanti

answer

Greek revolutionary who wants a new "Greek Empire"

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Congress of Verona

answer

Congress organized by Metternich that convinces Alexander to not support Greek independence, also to solve the Spanish question and reimpose the monarchy

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Creoles

answer

Latin Americans of primarily white decent who are the original revolutionary group in many burgeoning nations

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Bolivar

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Liberator of Venezuela and Colombia

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San Martin

answer

Liberator of Argentina and Chile

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Canning

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English foreign minister who accepts the Monroe Doctrine

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Constantine

answer

Tsar Alex I's brother who liberal elements in the army want on the throne

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Nichols I

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Actual tsar of Russia who follows Alexander I

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Decembrist Revolt

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Insurrection that aims to place one of Alexander I's brothers on the throne of Russia, that is then put down brutally by the actual tsar

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July Ordinances

answer

Laws decreed by Charles X that reduces democratic power and imposes censorship

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July Revolution

answer

Reaction to laws decreed by Charles X in 1830, forces him to eventually abdicate

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Louis-Philippe (Duke of Orleans, Orleanist)

answer

King of France from 1830-1848, publicly supports the constitution and democracy

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Chamber of Deputies

answer

Most important French democratic chamber

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Tory Regime

answer

Denotes the time which a particular party ruled England, led to the liberalization of English economics, undermined the position of the Church of England, abolishes the death penalty

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Robert Peel

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Tory prime minister, also reformist, wants to reform the House of Commons and the Corn Laws

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Reform Bill of 1832

answer

Law passed in Parliament that increases the voter pool, doesn't have totally equal representation but does redistribute boroughs and counties

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Lord Ashley

answer

Anti-industrialist who wants to pass labor reforms and factory reforms

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Ten Hours Act

answer

Parliament law that limits the workday to ten hours

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Anti-Corn Law League

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Group established by liberal Whigs and populated by industrialists and wage earners, operates as a political party to repeal particularly free trade strangling laws

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"Stake in society"

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Belief that those who govern should have something to lose

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Labor Market

answer

The 'arena' where workers sell their work for pay and that works on supply and demand

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Poor Law of 1834

answer

British law that puts poor in workhouse

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Labor unions

answer

Groups of workers formed to improve position on labor market

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Chartism

answer

Popular group that aims to reform the government in favor of the working classes

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People's Charter of 1838

answer

Document that outlines the annual election of the House of Commons, universal suffrage w/ secret ballot and equal electoral districts, and abolition of property requirements to serve in the House of Commons

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