Ap Euro Ch. 24 vocab – Flashcards
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literacy
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the ability to read and write
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aguste comte
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father of sociology
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charles darwin
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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
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natural selection
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a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
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herbert spencer
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English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)
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positivism
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A belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry
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social darwinism
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The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
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charles lyell
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Father of modern geology, wrote the principles of geology
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friedrich nietzsche
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German philosopher urged the idea of returning to the heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength, "GOD is dead"
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kulturkampf
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Bismark's policy to make Catholics put loyalty in the state rather than in the Church
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papal infallibility
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belief of the Roman Catholic Church that God protects the Pope from error when he speaks about faith or morality
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rerum novarum
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Leo XIII's most important statement in which he attempted to resolve conflict between the Church and modern thought
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relativity
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(physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts; einstein
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realist
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a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them
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naturalist
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an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms
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henrik ibsen
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realistic Norwegian author who wrote plays on social and political themes (1828-1906)
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george bernard shaw
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British playwright (born in Ireland); founder of fabians
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modernism
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A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
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keynesian economics
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Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.
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virginia woolf
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wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century
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marcel proust
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An esteemed French writer who sought to integrate psychological elements, especially regarding suppressed memories, into literature. His most famous work is the multi-volume "Remembrance of the Things Past" (1913-1927)
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impressionism
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a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light
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post-impressionists
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a term used to describe European painting that followed impressionism, the term applies to several styles of art all of which to some extent derived from impression
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cubism
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an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes
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sigmund freud
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Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
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id
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(psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity
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superego
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(psychoanalysis) that part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience
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ego
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(psychoanalysis) the conscious mind
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max weber
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German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920)
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theodor herzl
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German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism
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zionism
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a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine
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josephine butler
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(1828-1906) English reformer who challenged the Contagious Diseases Acts in order to protect the livelihood and rights of women.
