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Industrial Revolution

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made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world, spread across Europe and New World, started with the agricultural revolution, went through technological advances creating more efficient processes and decreased labor

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Agricultural Revolution

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changes of methods of farming and stock breeding, increase of food production, lower prices of goods, could now purchase manufactured goods, rose along with rapid increase in population

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Cotton industry

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started with cottage system, upgrading to technological advances, make cheap cotton goods, using less labor

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Canals

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way of transportation by water: goods and people, connecting two larger bodies of water

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Richard Arkwright's water frame

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spinning machine, powered by water or horse compensate with spinning jenny and flying shuttle, to make textiles

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James Hargreve's Spinning Jenny

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creates more efficient process of larger quantities of yarn

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Samuel Crompton's mule

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combined aspects of water frame and spinning jenny, hybrid of horse and donkey, stronger labor

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Hand-loom weavers

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slower process, earlier inefficient looms, replaced by machines, to make textiles

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The cottage system

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started at the homes of wage laborers under authority of a merchant, each house assigned a different job, earned wages

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Coal and coke

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coal used as natural resource to power the steam engine giving the factory a flexible location instead of next to the river, leading to coal production, coke used to slowly burn coal and heats faster than charcoal, more quantity can be made

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James Watt

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invented the steam engine

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Rotary engine

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turns a shaft and drives machinery

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Henry Cort

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developed the puddling process

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Puddling

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process of coke used to burn away pig iron and form high quality wrought iron (malleable and withstand strain)

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Richard Trevithick

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built the first steam-powered locomotive going 5 miles per hour

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George Stephenson

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built the Rocket with his son, locomotives were on the first time ont he modern railways in Britain

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The Rocket

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went 16 miles per hour, first to be used on the public railway

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Railroads

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great way of transportation, new job opportunities, faster cheaper transportation, there became a new network "most important single factor in promoting European economic progress in the 1830s and 1840s

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The Factory

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taking over work in cottages, more job opportunities, paid wages to run machines, no more paid of production (cottage system) whole families work together

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Factory discipline

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need people to work hard hours, new system to form most efficient system, punishments if not up to owner's standards

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Great Exhibition of 1851

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industrial fair, crystal palace, showing all products created in the Industrial Revolution, man's domination over nature, Queen Victoria and family came to see, also showed imperial power through India's products

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The Crystal Palace

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made entirely of glass and iron, tribute to engineeering skills

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Tariffs

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used for the Continent to compete with British's cheap goods, protective tariffs

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Joint-stock investment banks

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a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals.

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Credit Mobilier

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french banking company financed products during Industrial Revolution

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The Kreditanstalt

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Austrian bank, known for commerce and Industry, largest bank of Austria-Hungary, finance

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The American System

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efficient way of making finished products identical, reduced costs, saved labor

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Steam boats

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transportation through water and canals, people and products for market

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India's cotton cloth production

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handmade cotton cloth, deliberate policy to prevent growing Industrial Revolution, deal with Britain to export raw material and buy British-made goods

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Ireland and the potato

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the potato provides great nutrician and easy farming, Ireland relatively poor so potato helped feed the people and increase population, grows three times more, depended on potato for survival

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The Great Famine

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a fungus spread across the potatos in Ireland causing malnutritian and starvation

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Suburbs

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outer ring of the cities, wealthy, middle-class people could have their own private house and garden, insulated themselves from bad conditions in cities

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Britain's Poor Law Commission

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made detailed reports of the poor, moral and physical consequences of cities and sanitation

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Edwin Chadwick

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urban reformer, formed modern sanitary reforms with efficient sewers and piped water, wanted to eliminate poor and squalor, Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain

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Cholera

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an infectious epidemic disease common in many urban areas during the nineteenth century concern about the disease and the filthy conditions that helped it spread led to public health measures.

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Bourgeoisie

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originally burgher or town dweller, had jobs and paid wages, special set of rights, upgraded to be able to buy land

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The old and new elites

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new opportunities to new industrial middle class, start to earn status through profits in money, inventions, business, and ownership, new entrepreneurs, access more wealth and come in equality with traditional landed elites

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Working class

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increased use of women and children, laboring class under the entrepreneurs and middle class, consisting of Proletariat

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Child labor

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cheap form of labor, easily controlled and punished, at very young age at seven start working

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Domestic servants

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those who work in the employer's house, traditional elite order

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Trade union

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an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.

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Robert Owen

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called for creation of voluntary associations to demonstarte benefits of cooperative instead of competitive living, appeal to leaders of trade unionists, social reformer

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The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

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followed Owen's program, February 1834, national federation of trade unions, coordinate a general strike for eight-hour working day, collpase with no working-class support

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The Amalgamated Society of Engineers

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largest succesful union, provision of generous unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly payment, practical gain

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Luddites

answer

skilled craftspeople in Midlands and northern England, 1812, attacked machines believed to threaten their livelihoods

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Chartism and the People's Charter

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"first important political movement of working men organized during 19th century," wanted to achieve political democracy, named after People's Charter, some women joined as well

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The London Workingmen's Association

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drew up people's charter, demanded foruniversal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, elimination of property qualifications for members of Parliament, annual sessions of Parliament

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Factory acts

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government starts to take action against the evils of industrial factories, reform-minded individuals, condemning abuse of children, shortened working times and gave education during working hours, system of inspection ensures these new rules

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Ten Hours Act of 1847

answer

children between thirteen and eighteen are limited to ten hours a day, women were also included

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Coal Mines Act of 1842

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eliminated employments of under seven years old of boys and women in the mines

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The Workhouse

answer

Poor Law Act of 1834, jobless poor people were forced to live, family members were separated, forced to lvie in dormitories, given work assignments, and fed awful food

question

When did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain

answer

Sometime after 1750

question

What nations will eventually surpass Great Britain in industrial production

answer

Germany and the United States

question

What were the 6 factors/conditions that caused Industrial Revolution to begin in Great Britain

answer

agricultural revolution, population increase, mineral resources, capital, entrepreneurs, government, markets

question

How did the agricultural revolution create a labor pool for the Industrial Revolution

answer

Caused rapid population growth

question

With cheaper food prices, what could people spend their excess income on

answer

Goods and clothes made in factories-manufactured goods

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What mineral resources did Britain have that were necessary in the manufacturing process

answer

Coal and Iron

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What made transportation easy in Great Britain

answer

Canals, Railroads, locomotive

question

How did government aid in the development of the Industrial Revolution

answer

provided freedom from private enterprise, placed less restrictions on private entrepreneurs than any other european state

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What did British have that enabled them to transport their goods anywhere in the world

answer

well developed merchant marine

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What industry would begin the drive toward the factory system

answer

Cotton

question

What invention helped double production of weaving cotton textiles

answer

the flying shuttle

question

What were the other inventions that sped the production of textiles and who was the inventor of each

answer

water frame, Richard Arkwright, Edmund Cartwright, power loom

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What was the power source of many of these new machines

answer

Water

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What invention insured the triumph of the Industrial Revolution

answer

The steam engine

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Who is credited with perfecting this machine

answer

Thomas Newcomin

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What advantage did this machine have over water power

answer

Not having to be by a river, not limited to the speed of the river

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What are the advantages of cotton clothing

answer

Durable, easy to wash, easy to produce

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Steam power led to an increase in demand for what commodity

answer

coal production

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Who developed a method to make better quality iron using the puddling process

answer

Henry Cort

question

What was the most important factor in promoting European Economic progress in the 1830s and 1840s

answer

railroads

question

Who built the first steam powered locomotive

answer

Richard Revithick

question

Who built the Rocket

answer

How fast did it go? George Stephenson, 5 mph

question

What did the ability to transport goods and people at dramatic speeds provide for people

answer

Visible confirmation of a new sense of power over nature not felt before in western civilization

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What was the chief means of organizing labor for machines

answer

The Factory

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How did the factory system change the pace of work

answer

They had to work regular, unvarying hours during which they performed certain amount of tasks over and over again.

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What methods were developed to discipline workers

answer

adult workers were fined for minor infractions like being a few minutes late to work and dismissed for serious misdoings like being drunk.

question

How were children disciplined in factories

answer

They were beaten

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How did evangelical churches reinforce the values demanded by the Industrial Revolution

answer

reinforced that people " reborn in Jesus" must forgo moderation and follow a disciplined path. Laziness and wasteful habits were considered sinful

question

When and where was the world's first industrial fair

answer

1851, Kensington in London in the Crystal Palace

question

What was shown at the fair

answer

wide variety of of products created by the Industrial revolution. Displayed Britain's wealth to the world

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How did Prince Albert describe the fair

answer

As a sign that man is approaching a more complete fulfilment of the sacred mission to conquer nature to his own use. He also said that they were accomplishing God's will

question

Where in Europe did the Industrialization Revolution first spread from Great Britain

answer

To continental countries (Belgium, France, Germany) and United states

question

When did the Industrialization Revolution first spread to the rest of Europe and other parts of the world

answer

after 1850

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What were some of the advantages that Continental countries lacked that caused them to lag behind in industrialization

answer

Lack of goods roads, problems with river transit made transportation difficult, Toll stations on important rivers and customs barriers along state boundaries increased the cost and prices of goodsGuild restrictions, less enterprising than the british; disliked competitions, a high regard for family security, unable to take risks in investments, excessive worship of thriftiness

question

What effect did the French Revolution and Napoleon have on Continental Industrialization

answer

Trade was halted in many parts of Europe, Communications between countries were interrupted, Inflation was on the rise in some areas of Europe, disrupting the economy.

question

How did the British attempt to keep industrial secrets before 1825

answer

British artisans were prohibited from leaving the country

question

What did Continental countries do to increase their numbers of engineers and mechanics

answer

establish a wide range of technical schools

question

What role did Continental governments play in the development of industrialization in their nations

answer

Significant role in economic affairs

question

What did Continental governments do to protect domestic industries against an influx of cheaper made British goods

answer

Tariffs on imports

question

Who established the first textile mill using water powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790

answer

Samuel Slater

question

What is meant by the term American System of manufacturing

answer

reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled artisans

question

What did the Americans lack that limited economic development

answer

The lack of a good system of internal transportation

question

What group made up more than 80% of the labor force in large textile mills

answer

Women

question

What did women, children, and immigrants have in common and how did this affect American industrialization

answer

Were largely unskilled laborers. This pushed American industrialization into a capital-intensive pattern.

question

What advantages did the IR bring to American workers

answer

rich got richer, but poor didn't get poorer.

question

When will the IR reach Russia

answer

End of 19th century

question

Why was industrialization slow to reach India

answer

India fell under the control, of British East India Company. Britain encouraged India to export their raw materials but buy British made goods.

question

What caused the increase in population in the early 19th century

answer

Decline in death rates

question

What was the staple of the Irish diet

answer

potato

question

What happened to the Irish population between 1781 and 1845

answer

doubled from 4 million to 8 million

question

What happened to the Irish potato crop in 1845

answer

How did the people respond? potato crop struck by blight due to fungus turning potatoes black-more than 2 million died of starvation and disease, another 2 million emigrated to u.s. and britain

question

What was the safety valve for European overpopulation

answer

emigration

question

Where did people go to escape difficult conditions in the countryside

answer

towns/cities

question

Why did entrepreneurs locate their factories in urban centers

answer

access to transportation facilities and unemployed people from country

question

What percentage of the British population lived in cities by 1850

answer

more than 50%

question

Why was Britain forced to import food

answer

number of people involved in agriculture declined to 20% of population

question

How did the IR affect living conditions in the cities

answer

miserable-rooms small and overcrowded, horrible sanitary conditions-city streets-sewers and open drains, smelled bad, unhealthy, burning of coal-soot, food adulteration, moral consequences

question

How was food adulterated (to corrupt, debase, or make impure by addition of foreign/inferior substance or element) in the cities

answer

alum added to make break look white and more expensive, beer and milk watered down, red lead poisonous but used as pepper substitute

question

What were some of the detrimental physical and moral effects of living in the cities

answer

young working class men shorter and scrawnier, more subject to disease, prostitution, crime, sexual immorality

question

Who were two of the prominent urban reformers that tried to solve the problems of urban living

answer

James Kay Shuttleworth, Edwin Chadwick

question

How did Edwin Chadwick propose to solve the problems of poor living conditions in the cites

answer

drainage, removal of all refuse from habitations, streets, roads, improvement of water supplies, system of modern sanitary reforms of efficient sewers and supply of piped water

question

What types of people are considered to be the new bourgeois class

answer

people involved in commerce, industry, banking and professions (lawyers, teachers, physicians, government officials)

question

What were the tasks that early industrial entrepreneurs had to do that today are handled by teams of people

answer

raised capital, deteriend markets, set company objectives, organized factory and its labor, trained supervisors who could act for them

question

What did aristocrats do in Britain that helped Britain assume leadership role in early IR

answer

became entrepreneurs

question

As bourgeoisie entrepreneurs gained wealth, what else did they gain

answer

play important role along traditional landed elites of societies

question

What was the largest group of urban workers in the cities

answer

artisans/craftspeople

question

What group of workers supported movements against industrialization

answer

guilds of artisans

question

Why were children seen as advantages to have working in a factory

answer

cheap labor, easy to break into the system, delicate touch as spinners, small size let them under machines to gather loose cotton

question

What did the Poor Law of 1834 do

answer

established workhouses where jobless poor sent to live

question

What happened to real working class wages between 1790 and 1850

answer

increased

question

What did laborers do to try to increase wages and improve working conditions

answer

form labor organizations

question

What did the Combination Acts do

answer

(1799, 1800) outlawed associations of workers

question

What was the purpose of trade unions

answer

preserve own workers' position by limiting entry into their trade, gain benefits from employers

question

What are Luddites

answer

skilled craftsmen in midlands and northern england who in 1812 attacked machines they believed threatened their livelihoo

question

What was the first important political movement of working men organized during 19th century

answer

chartisme

question

Where did the movement get its name from

answer

the people's charter, a document drawn up in 1838 by london working men's association

question

What were the demands listed in the people's charter

answer

universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament, annual sessions of parliament

question

Were the demands of the people's charter recognized by Parliament

answer

no, rejected both petitions

question

What did the Factory Acts of 1802 and 1819 do

answer

strengthened earlier legislation, all textile factories now included, children between 9-13 could only work 8 hours a day, 13-18 12 hours, factory inspectors appointed with power to fine those broke law

question

In 1833 how many hours of education were children between 9 and 13 supposed to have

answer

2

question

What did the Ten Hours Act do

answer

reduced workday for children between 13-18.women to 10 hours

question

What did the 1842 Coal Mine Act do

answer

eliminated employment of boys under 10 and women in mines

AP Euro Ch. 20: Industrial Revolution – Flashcards

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