A&P Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation – Practice Test – Flashcards

the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. Physiology concerns the function of the body: how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

True Embryology, a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

the principle of complementarity of structure and function. The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.

organismal level. The organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

maintaining boundaries

True Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP.

homeostatic control. Regardless of the process (variable) regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms involve at least three components working together. The first component, the receptor, is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes. The control center determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. The effector provides the means for the control center's response.

blood clotting. Blood clotting is a normal response to a break in the lining of a blood vessel, and is an excellent example of an essential body function controlled by positive feedback.

The result or response enhances the original stimulus, and the response is accelerated. In positive feedback mechanisms, the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated.

True Proximal means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal means farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal to the thigh.

Because they allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another. Directional terms allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another.

The breastbone is ventral to the spine. In humans, the terms ventral and anterior are synonymous, meaning "toward or at the front of the body; in front of." As such, the breastbone is both ventral and anterior to the spine.

True The chin is superior to the navel. The terms cranial and superior are synonymous, meaning "toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above." As such, the chin is cranial/superior to the navel.

True Humans may differ in their external and internal anatomies. In some bodies, for example, a nerve or blood vessel may be somewhat out of place. Nonetheless, well over 90% of all structures present in any human body match the textbook descriptions. We seldom see extreme anatomical variations because they are incompatible with life.

the appendicular part. The appendicular part consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.

False. A coronal plane is also called a frontal plane; these planes lie vertically, and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A sagittal plane is a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts.

the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The ventral body cavity has two major subdivisions, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

the ventral body cavity. The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the serosa, or serous membrane.