A&P ch15 digestive system – Flashcards
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combines with food molecules and splits them into smaller molecules
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water
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speed up hydrolysis of food molecules
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digestive enzymes
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inner layer of the alimentary canal
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mucosa
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outer layer of the alimentary canal
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serosa
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Form lateral walls of the mouth
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cheeks
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Separates oral and nasal cavities
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palate
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Manipulates food during chewing
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tongue
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Tiny projections containing taste buds
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papillae
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Number of deciduous teeth
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20
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Teeth used to bite off pieces of food
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incisors
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Teeth used to grasp and tear food
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cuspids
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Teeth used to crush and grind food
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bicuspids and molars
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Cleanses and lubricates mouth
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saliva
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Salivary enzyme acting on starch
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salivary amylase
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End product of digestion in mouth
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maltose
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Saliva secretion is regulated by ______ means
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neural
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Number of permanent teeth
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32
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Three pairs of salivary glands.
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parotid submandibular sublingual
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Tube carrying food to the stomach
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esophagus
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Relaxes to let food enter stomach
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cardiac sphinctor
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Carries food from mouth to esophagus
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pharynx
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Covers laryngeal opening in swallowing
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epiglottis
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Region of stomach joining esophagus
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cardiac
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Region of stomach joining duodenum
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pyloric
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Glands of mucosa secreting gastric juice
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gastic glands
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Hormone stimulating gastric secretion
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gastric glands
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Hormones inhibiting gastric secretion
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CCk and secretin
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Autonomic impulses stimulating gastric secretion
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parasympathetic
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Hormone secreted by gastric mucosa
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gastrin
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Acid in gastric juice
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hydrochloric acid
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Gastric enzyme acting on proteins
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pepsin
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Gastric enzyme curdling milk
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rennin
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Products of gastric protein digestion
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peptides
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Gastric substance enabling absorption of vitamin B12 by small intestine
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intrinsic factor
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Carries pancreatic juice from pancreatic duct to duodenum
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pancreatic duct
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Two hormones stimulating secretion of pancreatic juice
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cholecystokinin and secretin
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Source of these hormones
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intestinal mucosa
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Pancreatic enzyme acting on starch
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pancreatic amylase
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Product of pancreatic starch digestion
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maltose
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Pancreatic enzyme acting on fats
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lipase
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Products of pancreatic fat digestion
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monoglycerides and fatty acids
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Pancreatic enzyme acting on proteins
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trypsin
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Products of pancreatic protein digestion
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peptides
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Removed from amino acids and converted to urea
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amine groups
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Vessels carrying blood to liver - carries oxygen-rich blood
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hepatic artery
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Vessels carrying blood to liver - carries nutrient-rich blood
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hepatic portal vein
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Vessel carrying blood from liver
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hepatic vein
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Carbohydrate stored in liver
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glycogen
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structural and functional units of the liver
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hepatic lobules
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Secretion formed by liver
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bile
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Stores excess bile
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gallbladder
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Carries bile to duodenum
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common bile duct
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Hormone contracting gallbladder
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cholecystokinin
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Bile component emulsifying lipids
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bile salts
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Bile component from hemoglobin breakdown
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bile pigments (billirubin)
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spaces in hepatic lobule receiving blood from branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
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hepatic sinusoids
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vessels in hepatic lobules that merge to form the hepatic vein
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central veins
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Segment continuous with the cecum
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ileum
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Membranes supporting small intestine
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mesentery
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Relaxes to allow chyme to enter the small intestine
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pyloric sphincter
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Secretion of intestinal glands
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intestinal juice
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Fingerlike projections of the mucosa
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villi
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Microscopic folds of exposed epithelial cell membranes
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microvilli
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Hormone released by mucosa due to presence of fat-laden chyme
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cholecystokinin
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Hormone released by mucosa due to presence of acid chyme
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secretin
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Mechanism (neural or hormonal) that stimulates secretion of intestinal juice
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neural
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Enzyme acting on sucrose
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sucrase
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End products of sucrose digestion
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glucose and fructose
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Enzyme acting on lactose
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lactase
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Enzyme acting on maltose
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maltase
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End product of maltose digestion
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glucose
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End products of lactose digestion
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glucose; galctose
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Enzyme acting on fats
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lipase
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End products of fat digestion
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monoglycerides and fatty acids
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Enzyme acting on peptides
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peptidase
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End products of peptide digestion
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amino acids
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Segment continuous with the stomach
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duodenum
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Pouchlike first part of large intestine
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cecum
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External opening of large intestine
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anus
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Colon segment along left side of abdomen
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descending colon
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Colon segment along right side of abdomen
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ascending colon
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Colon segment continuous with rectum
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sigmoid colon
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Wormlike extension of cecum
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appendix
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Involuntarily controlled anal sphincter
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internal anal sphincter
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Voluntarily controlled anal sphincter
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external anal sphincter
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Decompose undigested materials
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colon bacteria
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Fluid absorbed by large intestine
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water
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Relaxes, allowing chyme to enter cecum
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ileocecal valve
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Reflex activated by filling of rectum with feces
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defecation reflex
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Dietary source of most carbohydrates
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plants
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Plant polysaccharide providing fiber
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cellulose
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Preferred energy source for body cells
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glucose
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Organs regulating blood glucose levels
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liver and pancrease
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Most common lipids in the diet
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triglycerides
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Type of fats common in animal foods
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saturated
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Type of fats common in plant foods
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unsaturated
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Lipid abundant in egg yolks
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cholesterol
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Lipid used to form steroid hormones
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cholesterol
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Lipid forming much of plasma membranes
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phopholipids
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Molecules transporting lipids in blood
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lipoproteins
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Organ helping to regulate blood levels of triglycerides and cholesterol
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liver
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Amino acids that cannot be made by liver
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essential amino acids
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The alimentary canal is approximately ______ feet long in an adult
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29
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An organic compound that the body needs in minute amounts is a
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vitamin
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The folds in the mucosa of the stomach which allows it to expand as it fills with food are the
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rugae
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The taste buds of the tongue are located on the
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papillae
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The hormone that stimulates the secretions of the stomach is
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gastrin
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Fatty chyme entering the small intestine stimulates the secretion of _______, which stimulates the pancreas to secrete __________.
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cholecystokinin; enzymes
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The ________ nervous system innervates the intestinal mucosa and may stimulate the secretion of intestinal enzymes.
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parasympathetic
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In addition to the secretion of bile, the liver is active in
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synthesizing blood proteins. converting nutrients into usable forms. detoxification.
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One of the nutrients important for the synthesis of DNA and RNA is
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folic acid
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A nutrient that is required for the synthesis of fatty acids as well as playing a role in cellular respiration is ________.
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biotin
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The fat-soluble vitamin required for the formation and maintenance of cell membranes is
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vitamin E.
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The layers of the alimentary canal, from outside in, are the
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serosa, muscular, submucosa and mucosa
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The _______ salivary glands secrete a saliva rich in amylase
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parotid
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________ catalyzes the digestion of starch and glycogen to maltose
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Amylase
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Gastric juice secretion is increased by parasympathetic impulses and the hormone ________, which is produced by the stomach
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gastrin
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The gastric enzyme ________ is secreted in inactive form and activated by the low pH of gastric juice
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pepsin
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Acid chyme entering the duodenum causes the intestinal mucosa to secrete the hormone ________, which stimulates the secretion of ________
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secretin; pancreatic juice
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Bile, which emulsifies fats, is secreted by the
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liver
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Both ________ and ________ catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins to form peptides
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pepsin; trypsin
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The enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of triglycerides is
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lipase
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Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________ and concludes in the ________.
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mouth; small intestine
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The end products of fat digestion are converted into ________ within epithelial cells and move into the ________ of villi
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chylomicrons; lacteals
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The primary function of the large intestine is the
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absorption of water and certain minerals and vitamins
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_________ are primarily used as an energy source, but unused quantities are converted into _________ and stored
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Monosaccharides; triglycerides
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Salivary amylase secreted into the oral cavity starts the digestion of
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starch
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The pancreatic duct transports secretions from the pancreas to the
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duodenum
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substances found in pancreatic juice
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trypsin amylase lipase
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The final portion of the small intestine is the
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ileum
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The first portion of the large intestine is the
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cecum
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The term metabolism refers to
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All the chemical reactions of the body
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Glucose is stored in the liver as
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glycogen
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During digestion, proteins are broken down into molecules of
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amino acids
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correct order for food as it passes through the organs of the digestive system
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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tooth part that is NOT living
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enamel
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The tongue functions to
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position food for swallowing
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If the epiglottis does not function correctly, what might happen
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one might choke
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The primary function of the stomach is to
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Store and digest food
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To which combination of organs in the digestive system is chemical digestion of proteins confined
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Stomach and small intestine
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The fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine are called
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villi
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The primary function of the small intestine is to
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digest and absorb nutrients
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The pancreas is an important auxiliary organ of the digestive system because it
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provides several digestive enzymes to the small intestine
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What is the function of bile?
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Bile aids in the digestion of fats
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Villi, microvilli, and the folds of the small intestine all function to
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increase surface area
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what hormone produced by the small intestine, causes the releases of digestive enzymes and bile
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vasoactive intestinal peptide
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What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion
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absorb ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis
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If the large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, ____________ may result
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diarrhea
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What is primary the role of the bacteria found in the large intestine
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digest food and produce vitamins
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Digestive processes that need to respond quickly are under the control of the ____________
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nervous system
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the major accessory organs of the alimentary
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teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancrease
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hollow space within the alimentary canal through which food passes
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lumen
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layer of the alimentary canal that is formed of the visceral peritoneum and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum
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serosa
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layer of the alimentary canal that consist of two layers of smooth muscle that differ in their orientation of their muscle fibers
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muscular layer
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layer of the alimentary canal that contains nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels embedded in loose connective tissue.
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submucosa
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layer of the alimentary canal that consist of a surface layer of columnar epithelial tissue supported by underlying connective tissue that contains a few smooth muscle cells.
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mucosa
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mixing movements in the alimentary canal
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segmentation
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the movements that move food through the alimentary canal
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peristalsis
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attaches the tongue to the surface of the floor of the mouth and limits the posterior movements of the tongue
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lingual frenulum
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what part of the tooth is soft connective tissue that supprts the blood vessels and nerves
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pulp
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The ___________ has fibers which penetrate into the alveolar bone and aid in holding the teeth in place
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periodontal membrane
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_________ is secreted by stomach and is important for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the _______.
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Intrinsic factor; small intestine
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One of the nutrients active in the synthesis of proteins and antibodies is
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B6
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The mineral required for the normal conduction of nerve impulses as well as ATP - ADP conversions is
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potassium
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The end products of protein digestion are ________, which are absorbed into ________ of villi
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amino acids; capillaries
