AP Biology: DNA, Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis (Part B) – Flashcards

1. DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance. In DNA replication, DNA polymerase catalyzes the reaction in which

5. A biologist counted 2,500 cells from an embryo on a microscope slide and recorded the following data. Stage __________ Number of Cells Prophase ______ 125 Metaphase _____ 50 Anaphase ______ 50 Telophase ______ 25 Interphase _____ 2,250 Total: __________ 2,500 If these cells had been dividing randomly, it could be reasonably concluded that

6. Cancer is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors do not grow uncontrollably, do not invade neighboring tissues, and do not spread throughout the body. There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict humans. Most cells that have become transformed into cancer cells have which of the following characteristics when compared to normal, healthy cells?

7. Which letter in the DNA diagram above best represents a chemical group that, together with a sugar and a nitrogen base, makes up the DNA monomer better known as a nucleotide?

8. Which letter in the DNA diagram above best represents a chemical group that, allows the DNA to "zip" and "unzip" easily?

10. Okazaki fragments were originally discovered in 1966 by Kiwako Sakabe and Reiji Okazaki in their research on DNA replication of Escherichia coli. They were further investigated by them and their colleagues through their research including the study on bacteriophage DNA replication in Escherichia coli. Which enzyme is used during replication to attach Okazaki fragments to each other?

11. Which of the following best represents a reasonable conclusion to draw from the results of the experiment?

12. Which of the following best states the purpose of treating the extract with protein-degrading enzymes in Procedure II?

18. Genetic variation, variation in alleles of genes, occurs both within and among populations. Genetic variation is important because it provides the genetic material for natural selection. Genetic variation may be brought about by changes in the DNA, which is a permanent change. The diagram above illustrates which of the following processes?

19. Which of the following normally occurs during mitosis?

21. In the process of polymerase chain reaction, a thermal cycler is used to synthesize thousands of copies of a particular piece of DNA. One of the steps requires that the DNA molecules be heated and, as a result, the DNA becomes single stranded. What property of DNA allows for this process to happen?

23. During the cell cycle, cyclin dependent kinases are activated when the kinases combine with molecules called cyclins. In one example of this interaction, when the kinase and cyclin are combined it forms a complex called the maturation promoting factor or MPF. Below is a graph that correlates the concentration of the kinase with the activity of the MPF. If a line were added to graph representing the relative concentration of kinase, what would the resulting graph look like?

26. What would the right half of the DNA molecule look like as it is being replicated?

27. What enzyme is located at position A in the diagram?

28. Using the DNA strand shown as a template, determine the complementary DNA strand moving from its 3' to 5 ' end.

29. This is an example of cell-to-cell communication. What is considered to be the signal in this example of cell-to-cell communication?

30. If there were a mutation and the shape of the PDGF changed so that it could no longer attach to the TKR, what would be the net effect?