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Cell

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the smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane

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Cell Theory

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one of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells

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Surface-Area-To-Volume Ratio

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ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume; the relationship limits the maximum size of a cell

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Prokaryotic Cells

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cells that generally lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea

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Eukaryotic Cells

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type of cells that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya

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Bacillus

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a rod-shaped bacterium; also a genus of bacteria, Bacilus

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Coccus

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a spherical- shaped bacterium

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Spirillum

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long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a rigid spiral; if the spiral is flexible rather than rigid, it is called a spirochete

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Spirochetes

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long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a flexible spiral; if the spiral is rigid rather than flexible, it is called a spirillum

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Cell Envelope

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in a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

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Plasma Membrane

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membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell

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Cell Wall

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cellular structure that surrounds a plant protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity composed of polysaccharides

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Glycocalyx

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gel-like coating outside the cell wall of a bacterium. if compact, it is called a capsule; of diffuse, it is called a slime layer

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capsule stain

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a form of glycocalyx that consists of a gelatinous layer; found in blue-green algae and certain bacteria

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Cytoplasm

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region of a cell between the nucleus, or the nucleoid region of bacterium, and the plasma membrane; contains the organelles of the cell

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Nucleoid

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region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bound by a nuclear envelope

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Plasmids

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extrachromosomal ring of accessory DNA is the cytoplasm of prokaryote

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Cyanobacteria

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photosynthetic bacterium that contains chlorophyll and releases oxygen; formerly called a blue-green algae

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Thylakoids

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flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyl; location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

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Fimbriae

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small, bristlelike fiber on the surface of a bacterial cell, which attaches bacteria to a surface; also fingerlike extensions from the oviduct near the ovary

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Conjugation Pili

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in a bacterium, elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells

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Organelles

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small, membranous structures in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function

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Endosymbiotic Theory

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explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryote

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Vesicles

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small, membrane-bound sac that stores substances within a cell

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Cytoskeleton

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internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

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Nucleus

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membrane-bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell

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Nucleoplasm

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semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin

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Chromatin

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network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus of a cell

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Chromosomes

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the structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin; each species has a particular number of chromosomes that is passed on to the next generation

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Genes

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unit of hereditary existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited--one from each parent

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Nucleolus

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dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits

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Nuclear Envelope

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double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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Nuclear Pores

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opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus

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Ribosomes

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site of protein synthesis in a cell; composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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Polyribosomes

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string ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis

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Endomembrane System

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cellular system that consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes

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Rough ER

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membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes

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Smooth ER

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membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; site of lipid synthesis; lacks attached ribosomes

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Lysosomes

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membrane-bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules and bacteria; used to recycle worn-out cellular organelles

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Golgi Apparatus

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organelle consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell

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Microbodies

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a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals

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Peroxisomes

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enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products

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Vacuoles

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membrane-bound sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. in plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell

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Central Vacuole

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in a plant cell, a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. during growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-to-volume ratio to increase

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Chloroplasts

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membrane-bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place

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Mitochondria

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membrane-bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration

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Stroma

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region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

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Granum

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stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast

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Plastids

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organelle of plants and algae that is bound by a double membrane and contains internal membranes and/or vesicles (i.e., chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts)

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Cristae

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short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria

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Matrix

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unstructured, semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles

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Actin Filaments

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component of the cytoskeleton; plays a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles; a protein filament in a sarcomere of a muscle; its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction

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Intermediate Filaments

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ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules

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Microtubules

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small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella

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Centrosome

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central microtubule organizing center of cels. in animal cells, it contains two centrioles

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Centrioles

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cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division

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cillium pl.Cilia

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short, hairlike projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers

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Flagellum pl.Flagella

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long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm

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basal body

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A cytoplasmic structure that is located at the base of—and may organize—cilia or flagella.

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chromoplast

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Plastid in land plants responsible for orange, yellow, and red color of plants, including the autumn colors in leaves.

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contrast

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in magnification with a microscope, brightness differences between objects

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inclusion body

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In a bacterium, stored nutrients for later use.

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leucoplast

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Plastid, generally colorless, that synthesizes and stores starch and oils.

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magnification

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Using a microscope, enlarging an object for viewing

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mesosome

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In a bacterium, plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area.

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motor molecule

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protein that moves along either actin filaments or microtubules and translocates organelles

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pseudopod

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Cytoplasmic extension of amoeboid protists; used for locomotion and engulfing food.

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resolution

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Capability of a microscope to distinguish the separate parts of an object

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secretion

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release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland

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signal peptide

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Sequence of amino acids that binds with a SRP, causing a ribosome to bind to ER.

AP Biology: Ch 4 Cell Structure and Function- Mader – Flashcards

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