AP Bio II photosynthesis and cellular respiration – Flashcards
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Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. What hypothesis could be best supported by this evidence?
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Glycolysis is universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
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How is free energy harvested from simple carbohydrates in the cell?
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Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates
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Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in ______ molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from _____ and inorganic _______, and resulting in the production of ______.
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glucose, ADP, phosphate, pyruvate
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Once pyruvate is synthesized by glycolysis, what happens to the pyruvate next?
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The pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs.
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The function of an electron in the electron transport chain is
A. To transfer energy from complex II to complex I
B. To pump hydrogen ions using complex II
C. To use its free energy to pump protons against their concentration gradient
D. To combine with phosphate when ATP is synthesized
E. To react with ATP synthase
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C. To use its free energy to pump protons against their concentration gradient
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Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by ____ to ____
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NADH & FADH2, The electron transport chain (ETC)
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Electrons that are excited by light energy and processed by photosystems II and I are carried by ____ to _____
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NADPH, The stroma (Calvin Cycle)
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Which part of cellular respiration results in the highest number of ATP molecules produced?
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The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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Where is the ETC found?
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In the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM)
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What evidence supports the idea that ATP is synthesized in the IMM?
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-Presence of ATP-synthase in IMM
IMM is where ADP undergoes, phosphorylation
IMM contains ATP, synthase complex for making ATP
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Which parts of the leaf is adapted to facilitate gas exchange?
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Spongy mesophyll and stomata
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What do basal transcription factors and sigma proteins do?
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they both bind to the promoter region (-10 bases upstream or -35 bases upstream)
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Which is found in which type of organism?
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sigma proteins are found in prokaryotes (bacteria) and basal transcription factors are found in eukaryotic cells
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What are the 3 phases of transcription and translation?
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initiation, elongation, and termination
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In which types of cells do you find chloroplast?
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all autotrophic eukaryotic cells
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When (in earth's history) did photosynthesis frst arise?
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3 billion years ago
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Where (in chloroplast) do PS I and PS II occur?
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thylakoid membrane
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Where does the calvin cycle take place?
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stroma
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In cellular respiration, how is decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport involved in thermoregulation?
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protons go through the uncoupling protein instead of the ATP synthase to release energy as heat instead of ATP
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Which organelle(s) directly process energy in all eukaryotic cells?
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Mitochondria
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Which organelle(s) directly process energy in all autorophic eukaryotes?
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chloroplasts and mitochondria
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What type of organisms converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of organic carbon compounds?
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autotrophs
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What type of organism captures free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms?
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heterotrophs do this by taking in O2 and 'converting it' into CO2, which is in turn processed by autotrophs to produce more O2. Heterotrophs consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs is also an example of this.
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Electrons that are excited by light energy and processed by photosystems 2 and 1 are carried by _________ to the stroma
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NADPH
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Please explain what is the most likely causes of trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph?
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Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis carried on by the plants in the lake produce oxygen by photosynthesis of water molecules
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6+ 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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What are the four stages of cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis, Pyruvate processing, Citric Acid cycle, and Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis (Electron transport and chemiosmosis is a single stage)
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What occurs during the energy payoff phase in Glycolysis?
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Sugar is split to for m two pyruvate molecules, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH, and four molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (net gain of 2 ATP)
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What is the purpose of an absorption spectrum?
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It indicates the relative amount of light absorbed across a range of wavelengths.
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In cellular respiration what are the series of reactions that break down the products of glycolysis?
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Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle
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In photosynthesis what are the series of reactions that combine carbon from co2 and h and o from water to make a carbohydrate?
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Carbon fixation or Calvin cycle
