Anthropology 101 final

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Anthropology

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the study of human nature, human society, and the human past

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holism

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a characteristic of the anthropological perspective that describes, at the highest and most inclusive level, how anthropology tries to integrate all that is known about human beings and their activities.

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comparison

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a characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to consider similarities and differences in as wide a range of human societies as possible before generalizing about human nature, human society, or the human past

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evolution

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a characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to place their observations about human nature, human society, or the human past in a temporal framework that takes into consideration change over time

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culture

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sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society together with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use. Human beings use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which they live.

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Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance are called?

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Kinship

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The institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, the position of offspring in the society and establishes new kin connections is

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Marriage

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Kinship relationships based primarily on nurturance are examples of

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adoption

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Which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a particular society?

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Gender

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The so-called berdache of many indigenous North American societies is an example of a supernumerary sex

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That is a role that apparently had nothing to do with morphological sex anomalies

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The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally is the principle of

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Bilateral descent

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A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a

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Clan

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Which of the following would NOT belong to a man's patrilineage?

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His sister's son

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The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage is called

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Bridewealth

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Kinship terminologies suggest

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A. The boundaries of the significant groups in the society B. Where cleavages within groups are likely to occur C. The structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society

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The social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own effort are

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Achieved statuses

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\"Daughter\" and \"son\" are examples of

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Ascribed statuses

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Marriage outside the boundaries of a defined social group is called

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Exogamy

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the wife's mother is called

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Matrilocal

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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses is called

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Polygamy

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A spousal pattern in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

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Polyandry

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Marriage patterns

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Reveal differences in the culturally shaped understanding of male and female sexuality

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Which spousal patterns control women's sexuality more closely than they control men's sexuality?

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Monogamy and polygyny

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For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of

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A married couple and their children

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Which of the following observations about polygynous families is false?

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A. Children with the same mother are not distinguished from children with different mothers. B. Children of different wives are never jealous of one another, since they learn to think of all the wives as \"mothers\" who are equally concerned about their welfare. C. Disputes about inheritance are rare, since only rich men capable of providing well for all his children can become polygynous in the first place. All are False

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The relatively \"unofficial\" bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice are collectively referred to as

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Friendship

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Comparative information on human sexual practices worldwide suggests that

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A. The preservation of virginity until marriage is universally valued, especially for women B. A double standard, in which married men are free to take lovers but married women are not, is universally observed C. Expectations of an active and satisfying sexual life are found everywhere All are false

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Eleanor Leacock argued that women's subordination to men could be connected explicitly to

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The rise of private property and the emergence of the state

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If the distinctiveness of male and female characteristics can be used to make concrete people's ideas about the nature of social relations means that

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Gendered forms of inequality can be used to structure relations between different categories of men

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In the traditional view, what is the difference between classes and castes?

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Classes are open; castes are closed

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Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society that are closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one rank to another is a

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Castes

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A key element recognized by all anthropologists who use the concept of caste is that caste groups are

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Endogamous

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he systematic oppression of one or more socially defined \"races\" by another socially defined \"race\" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule is called

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Racism

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The social category of race

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Has real consequences, even if it has no reality in biology

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The social category of race is

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A relatively recent invention

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Some anthropologists argue that ethnicity becomes racialized under certain circumstances. Why?

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To mark and stigmatize certain peoples as essentially different

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Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural features such as language, religion, or dress are referred to as

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Ethnic groups

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A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a(n)

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Nation

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The reshaping of local conditions by powerful worldwide forces on an ever-intensifying scale is the concept of

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Globalization

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Stratified reproduction refers to

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A global process in which some categories of people are empowered reproduce while others are not

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A characteristic of Western modernity has been

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Massive global displacements of people

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When people live permanently in a setting in which they are surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from their own and are struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices should or should not be accorded respect and recognition, they are said to live in a

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Multicultural society

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Arguments that pit human rights against culture depend on the assumption that

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A. Cultures are homogeneous B. Cultures are unchanging C. Each society has one culture that its members have to follow

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To argue that all peoples have a human right to maintain their own distinct culture is to assume that

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A. Cultural diversity is valuable in itself B. Such things as universal human rights exist

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Anthropological studies of social, political, and economic change provide considerable evidence that

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Human beings actively and resiliently respond to life's challenges

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A kindred is composed of

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those people linked to Ego through Ego's mother and Ego's father

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with or near the husband's father is called

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patrilocal

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A nonconjugal family consists of

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a woman and her children

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with or near the husband's mother's brother is called

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avunculocal

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The social positions assigned to people at birth are

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ascribed statuses

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Comparative information on human sexual practices worldwide suggests that

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none of the above

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In the vocabulary of kinship studies, father's sister's children and mother's brother's children are called

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cross cousins

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The wealth transferred, usually from parents to daughter, at the time of her marriage is a

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dowry

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A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a

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lineage

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A husband, a wife, and their children form a

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conjugal family

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A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a

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clan

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The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways are called

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relatedness

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with or near the wife's mother is called

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matrilocal

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A spousal pattern in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

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polyandry

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\"Daughter\" and \"son\" are examples of

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ascribed statuses

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Families in which several generations live together in a single household are called

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extended families

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The social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own effort, are

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achieved statuses

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A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families, is

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a blended family

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In the vocabulary of kinship studies, father's brother's children or mother's sister's children are called

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parallel cousins

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An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide is known as a

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nation-state

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If the distinctiveness of male and female characteristics can be used to make concrete people's ideas about the nature of social relations, then

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gendered forms of inequality can be used to structure relations between different categories of men

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The systematic oppression of one or more socially defined \"races\" by another socially defined \"race\" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule is called

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racism

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The social category of race

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has real consequences, even if it has no reality in biology

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Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria is the text's definition of

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classes

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Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society that are closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one rank to another,

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are castes

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A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state is generally referred to as

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nationality

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Some anthropologists argue that ethnicity becomes racialized under certain circumstances. Why?

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to mark and stigmatize certain peoples as essentially different

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Hierarchically arranged social groups defined on economic grounds are called

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classes

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A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum between white and black is called

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colorism

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In an ethnically stratified society, ambitious individuals and groups

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can manipulate ethnicity as a resource to pursue their interests

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Deliberate representations of particular identities as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, thus making them appear eternal and unchanging, are known as

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naturalizing discourses

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A principle of social classification that creates groups on the basis of a set of distinctive cultural criteria that people in the group are believed to share is referred to as

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ethnicity

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The human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes is

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race

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A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a

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nation

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The traditional concept of race in Western society is

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biologically and genetically meaningless

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Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural features such as language, religion, or dress are referred to as

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ethnic groups

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A key element recognized by all anthropologists who use the concept of caste is that caste groups are

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endogamous

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Many anthropologists accept that ethnicity is created by

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historic processes

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According to Alonso, Mexican nationalist ideology completely ignores the contributions of which group that was part of colonial Mexican society?

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African slaves

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Which of the following terms do medical anthropologists use to refer to Western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science?

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biomedicine

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Alternative medical systems based on practices of local sociocultural groups are called

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ethnomedical systems

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Medical anthropologists refer to a suffering person's own understanding of his or her distress as

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illness

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Medical anthropologists argue that a more accurate way to refer to Western biomedical systems adopted by people in non-Western societies around the world is

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cosmopolitan medicine

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The coexistence of ethnomedical systems alongside cosmopolitan medicine is called

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medical pluralism

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Political organization around a biosocial identity in order to demand health-related interventions by the state or other organizations is called

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health activism

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An adjustment by an organism (or group of organisms) that undermines the ability to cope with environmental challenges of various kinds is called

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a maladaptation

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In his work among the Azande, what did Evans-Pritchard find out about their understanding of disease?

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both b and c

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The social exclusion perspective on embodied inequality

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all of the above

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Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population is called

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structural violence

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Which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the felt interior experience of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power?

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subjectivity

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An example of the role of cultural practices shaping natural selection on genes that affect human health concerns

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lactose intolerance

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Sicknesses (and the therapies to relieve them) that are unique to a particular cultural group are called

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culture-bound syndromes

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Government recognition of citizens' health needs and intervention on their behalf is called

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biological citizenship

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Medical anthropologists who seek to understand human sickness and health in an evolutionary context sometimes use the concept of

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adaptation

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The specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health—the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human populations deal with disease or illness—is called

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medical anthropology

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The forms of physical, mental, or emotional distress experienced by individuals who may or may not subscribe to biomedical understandings of disease are called

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suffering

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Medical anthropologists use which of the following terms to refer to events in life generated by forces and agents external to the person and largely external to his or her control, specifically, events generated in the setting of armed conflict and war?

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trauma

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The physical toll that inequality takes on people's bodies is called

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embodied inequality

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Human cultural practices influenced by natural selection on genes that affect human health are called

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biocultural adaptations

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Many observers have suggested that globalization inevitably undermines the power and sovereignty of nation-states. Why?

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all of the above

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Powers, privileges, or material resources to which people everywhere, by virtue of being human, are justly entitled are called

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human rights

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A new form of citizenship developing among residents of indigenous territories who have been granted full control and authority over lands that are located within the boundaries of nation-states is called

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territorial citizenship

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To argue that all peoples have a human right to maintain their own distinct culture is to assume that

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both a and b

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A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside is a

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transnational nation-state

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Many anthropologists are not persuaded that cultural imperialism is the only explanation for the spread of Western cultural forms outside the West because

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all of the above

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A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state, is said to be a

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transborder state

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When people borrow ideas, practices, or objects from elsewhere, they usually modify them so that they fit into the local way of life. A common anthropological term describing this process is

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indigenization

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_______ is being at ease in more than one cultural setting.

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Cosmopolitanism

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Which of the following is a social arrangement where globalization is seen?

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all of the above

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Among the consequences of space-time compression is

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all of the above

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A strong defense of distinctive \"cultural values\" against the discourse of human rights may under some conditions be

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all of the above

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Anthropologists approach globalization from the perspective of

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those among whom they do their research

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Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world are called

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diasporas

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When people live permanently in a setting in which they are surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from their own and are struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices should or should not be accorded respect and recognition, they are said to live in a

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multicultural society

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In order to fit the way human rights laws are written, indigenous people often have to

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portray their cultures in ways that are different from their own everyday understandings

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A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship, make up a

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transborder citizenry

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Anthropological studies of social, political, and economic change provide considerable evidence that

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human beings actively and resiliently respond to life's challenges

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Stratified reproduction refers to

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a global process in which some categories of people are empowered to reproduce while others are not

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According to anthropologist Arjun Appadurai, globalization is basically

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both b and c

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Natural selection acts on

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randomly produced variation

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The genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organism's DNA is called the

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genotype

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The shaping of a useful feature of an organism by natural selection to perform one function and the later reshaping of it by different pressures to perform a new function is

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exaptation

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In Mendelian genetics, those genetic characteristics that are expressed in an organism are said to be

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dominant

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The shaping of useful features of an organism by natural selection for the function they now perform is

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adaptation

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The situation in which one gene may affect more than one trait is called

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pleiotropy

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A fertilized egg that has received a different form of a specific gene from each parent is called

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heterozygous

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The observable, measurable outward characteristics of an organism are called the

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phenotype

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For modern biologists, a species is defined as

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a reproductive community that occupies a specific niche

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Mendelian inheritance is

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nonblending, single-particle

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The shaping of any useful feature of an organism, regardless of its origin, is referred to as

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aptation

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_____ genotypes may produce _____ phenotypes.

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all of the above

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In Mendelian genetics, genetic characteristics that are not expressed in an organism are said to be

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recessive

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The claim that \"living species can change over time and give rise to new kinds of organisms, with the result that all organisms ultimately share a common ancestry\" is central to which theory?

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evolutionary theory

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The view that every \"natural kind\" of living thing is characterized by an unchanging core of features and separated from all other natural kinds by a sharp break is

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essentialism

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A fertilized egg that receives the same allele from each parent for a particular trait is referred to as being

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homozygous

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Lamarkian evolution is also known as

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transformational evolution

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A fertilized egg that receives a different allele from each parent for the same trait is referred to as being

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heterozygous

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A system of biological classification is called a

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taxonomy

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When an organism actively perturbs the environment in ways that modify the selection pressures experienced by subsequent generations of organisms, it is said to be engaged in

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niche construction

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All of the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species or population make up a

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gene pool

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A process in which natural selection is seen to operate among variant, related species within a single genus, family, or order is called

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species selection

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A situation in which the heterozygous genotype is fitter than either of the homozygous genotypes is called

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a balanced polymorphism

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The physiological flexibility that allows organisms to respond to environmental stresses, such as temperature change, is called

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phenotypic plasticity

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A change in the way the body functions as a result of physical stress is called

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acclimatization

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Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size and resulting in the loss of particular alleles is known as

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genetic drift

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The example of the sickle cell genotype illustrates

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all of the above

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The subfield of evolutionary studies that devotes attention to short-term evolutionary changes is

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microevolution

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The mutual shaping of organisms and their environments is known as

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adaptation

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The process by which one species gradually transforms itself into a new species over time is called

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phyletic gradualism

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The subfield of evolutionary studies that focuses on long-term evolutionary changes is

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macroevolution

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The concept that defines a species as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature is the

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biological species concept

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According to the text, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then

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the concept of race is biologically meaningless

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The concept that defines a species on the basis of a set of unique features (morphological or genetic) that distinguish its members from other, related species is called the

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phylogenetic species concept

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Denial of the existence of biological race

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all of the above

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A layer cake profile of different soil types is exposed when we dig into the earth. Geologists reason that these layers were laid down sequentially and that layers lower down have to be older than the layers above them. This is called the law of

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superposition

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The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time is called

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anagenesis

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A well-known example of a balanced polymorphism is

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sickle cell anemia

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The process by which a single species gives rise to a variety of descendent species over time is called

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cladogensis

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Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?

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both a and b

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During the Miocene epoch, evolution of ______ took off.

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hominoids

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Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend in the primate order?

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reduction in the number of digits on the hands and feet

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A biological classification of various kinds of organisms is

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a taxonomy

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The first hominoids appeared in

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Africa

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Tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder Haplorhini because

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both b and c

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A tail which is able to grasp an object is considered

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prehensile

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Wings on birds and bats are an example of

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homoplasy

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Which of the following terms refers to humans and their immediate ancestors?

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hominin

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Which of the following is NOT an anthropoid?

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none of the above; all are anthropoids

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Which of the following is NOT an ancestral characteristic of primates?

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stereoscopic vision

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Haplorhini include

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tarsiers and anthropoids

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Many leading taxonomists have grouped chimpanzees and humans into the same family, Hominidae, because

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chimpanzees and humans share over 98% of their DNA

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What a species eats, how it finds mates, raises its young, relates to companions, and protects itself from predators is known as its

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ecological niche

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The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

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homoplasy

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Strepsirrhini include

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lemurs and lorises

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Organisms that seem to have developed similar adaptations at a similar level of complexity in similar environments are classified as being in the same evolutionary

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grade

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Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of primates?

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stereoscopic vision

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Genetic inheritance due to common ancestry is called

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homology

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Which of the following primate groups apparently uses sexual behavior to manipulate relationships rather than to increase reproductive rates?

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bonobos

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The fossils of Proconsul have been found in

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Africa

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The oldest formally accepted evidence for human occupation in the Americas is found at

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Monte Verde, Chile

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Most hominin fossils older than 3 million years are called

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australopiths

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Primates that walk on two feet are now called

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hominins

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Australopiths with small and lightly built faces are known as

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gracile australopithecines

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The first specimens of the oldest human tools were part of which tradition?

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Oldowan tradition

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As it has become increasingly clear to paleoanthropologists that human beings are the product of mosaic evolution,

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they are less willing to claim that a bundle of traits signifying \"human nature\" originated at one time among our distant ancestors

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Australopiths with rugged jaws, flat faces, and enormous molars are known as

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robust australopithecines

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According to the text, endurance running may have been advantageous for hominins because it made

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persistence hunting of medium- to large-sized mammals more successful

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Contemporary taxonomists classify African apes and humans together as

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hominids

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The Denisovans are a population of

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Pleistocene hominins known only from ancient DNA recovered from three tiny fossils found in a cave in Russian Siberia

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The most striking evidence for a modern human capacity for culture in the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age comes from

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art

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The hypothesis that evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred gradually throughout the traditional range of H. erectus is the

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regional continuity model

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The \"Lucy\" fossil is famous because

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her skeleton was 40% intact and undisturbed

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Which of the following abilities is NOT considered an advantage of bipedalism over quadrupedalism?

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climbing trees

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The replacement model argues that the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens was triggered by a pattern of fluctuating climate and environmental change. In Africa, hominin populations experienced strong arid-moist fluctuations between about 135,000 and 75,000 years ago called

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megadroughts

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Compared with Neanderthals, anatomically modern human beings

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are less robust

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The Laetoli footprints

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appear to have been made by a hominin with a striding gait and short, straight toes

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The hypothesis that anatomically modern hominins might have exchanged genes with more archaic populations they encountered after they left Africa is called the

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mostly out-of-Africa model

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Anatomically modern human beings are about how many years old?

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200,000 years

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The first hominin species to leave Africa was

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Homo erectus

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A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment is called

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archaeology

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A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police is called a

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state

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Which period of history began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago and is referred to as the \"New Stone Age\"?

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the Neolithic

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Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another are called

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egalitarian social relations

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The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them is called

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excavation

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Which of the following is archaeological evidence for social complexity?

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monumental architecture

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A supporter of unilineal evolutionary theory who had widespread influence was

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Lewis Henry Morgan

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Which of the following is NOT a theory for the cause of domestication?

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independent invention

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The archaeological approach that takes as its objective explaining the cultural processes that led to ways of life and material cultures of different kinds is called

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processual archaeology

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Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization are known as

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complex societies

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When archaeologists find unique styles in architecture, pottery, textiles, and other artifacts distributed uniformly over a wide area, they call this a

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cultural horizon

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A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd but depend on wild food resources is called a

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band

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The approach in archaeology that stresses the role of individual human agency in the archaeological record is called

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postprocessual archaeology

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Objects buried with a corpse are known as

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grave goods

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A society in which one person and his or her relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a

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chiefdom

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Which of the following factors prevents artifacts from decaying?

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all of the above

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Looting archaeological sites

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makes any scientific analysis of a site impossible

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A research approach that explores why women's contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions is

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feminist archaeology

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Which of the following is NOT evidence for animal domestication?

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absence of an animal species outside its natural range

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A society generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm for a living, is a

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tribe

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Sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures humans create and use, is an anthropological definition of

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culture

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The opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct and the only true way of being fully human is called

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ethnocentrism

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Culture is

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all of the above

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The perspective on the human condition that assumes that mind and body, individuals and society, and individuals and the environment interpenetrate and even define one another is called

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holism

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Cultural anthropological fieldwork is

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all of the above

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Understanding another culture sympathetically enough so that it appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living is called

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cultural relativism

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Genocide is

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the attempt to exterminate an entire people

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Something that stands for something else is a

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symbol

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The dialectic of fieldwork refers to the

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mutual construction of cross-cultural knowledge about the informant's culture by the anthropologist and the informant together

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Cultural relativism

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requires us to take many things into account before we form opinions about other cultural practices

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Contemporary ethnographers try to be explicit about

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all of the above

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The process by which human beings, as material organisms living together with other similar organisms, cope with the behavioral rules established by their respective societies is called

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socialization

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To say that culture and the human brain coevolved is to say that

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each provided key features of the environment to which the other needed to adapt

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The human condition is distinguished from the condition of other living species by

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culture

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Those parts of culture that are absorbed in the course of daily practical learning are called

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habitus

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The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling considered appropriate in their respective cultures is

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enculturation

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An extended period of research during which a cultural anthropologist gathers firsthand data about life in a particular society is called

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fieldwork

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The ethnographic research method that relies primarily on face-to-face contact with people as they go about their daily lives is called

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participant observation

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When anthropologists distinguished between \"culture\" and \"cultures,\" they were distinguishing between _______ and __________.

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a defining attribute of human beings/ways of life of specific groups of people

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The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings is called

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human agency

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The system of arbitrary symbols used to encode one's experience of the world and of others is

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language

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Members of a speech community

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do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share

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Linguistic determinism holds that

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the grammars of people's native languages determine how they think about the world

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\"Primitive\" human languages

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do not exist

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The study of language that uses ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech and social interaction influence each other is called

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ethnopragmatics

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The set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community is called

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grammar

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People who grow up bilingual

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can switch readily from one language to the other

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What is the difference between speech and language?

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speech is spoken language

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The study of the way speakers of a language actually use the language to communicate with one another is called

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pragmatics

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Language, like culture, is

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all of the above

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The transfer of information from one person to another is human

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communication

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The design feature of language called \"openness\" refers to the

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ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily

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The scientific study of language is known as

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linguistics

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A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it, exemplifies

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language ideology

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A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages is a

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pidgin

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The ability of native speakers of a language to use words in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate is called

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communicative competence

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The ability of native speakers of a language to distinguish correctly between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences is called

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linguistic competence

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Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that

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language has the power to shape the way people see the world

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A stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme is a

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discourse

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Linguistic context refers to the other _____ that surround the expression whose meaning is being determined.

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all of the above

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In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of

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human nature, human society, and the human past

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Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as

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integrating what is known about human beings and their activities at an inclusive level

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A contemporary biological anthropologist is likely to study

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any of the above

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The anthropological research methodology called participant observation is characterized by

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both getting involved in social activities and watching those activities

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The branch of anthropology that is concerned with discovering what makes human beings different from other living organisms and what human beings share with other members of the animal kingdom is called

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biological anthropology

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The major specialty within anthropology that involves analysis of the material remains of the human past is

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archaeology

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The major specialty within anthropology that uses information gathered from the other subfields in an effort to solve practical cross-cultural problems is

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applied anthropology

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The subfield of anthropology that is concerned with proposing solutions to practical problems is called

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applied anthropology

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To say that anthropology is a field-based discipline means that

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all of the above

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The German approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

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work and legal protection but not citizenship

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An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the \"market\" is

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capitalism

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A reciprocal situation in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit demonstrates what anthropologists consider

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balanced reciprocity

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The art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state is the art of

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governmentality

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Impersonal economic exchanges typical of the capitalist market in which goods are exchanged for cash are called

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commodity exchanges

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Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life are called

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institutions

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The exchange of goods calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value carried out by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism is called

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market exchange

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A worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live is called

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ideology

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The theft of a few head of cattle from your herd by a neighboring group of herders from whom members of your family had rustled a few head of cattle in the past would be an example of which mode of exchange?

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negative reciprocity

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Governmentality can best be understood as a way to

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manage individuals, goods, and wealth

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The mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to allocate them in such a way as to provide for every member of the group is called

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redistribution

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The study of social power in human society is called

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political anthropology

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The exchange of goods and services of equal value is called

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reciprocity

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The British approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

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toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become British

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A __________ is a historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is organized to extract energy from the environment by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.

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mode of production

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A reciprocal situation in which neither the time nor the value of return is specified is identified by anthropologists as a form of

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generalized reciprocity

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The actions taken by many contemporary nation-states to identify the level of terrorist threats, take action to stop them, and institute policies to minimize damage and disruption in the event of a terrorist attack would be considered examples of

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governmentality

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The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them is referred to as

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labor

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Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria are called

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classes

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The French approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

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all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt French culture and language

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Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called

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prayer

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A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes is called

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magic

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Witchcraft beliefs, especially witchcraft accusations,

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all of the above

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The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as \"charters\" or \"justifications\" for present-day social arrangements was

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of culturally recognizable symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, set off from the routines of everyday life and closely connected with a specific set of ideas, is known as

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ritual

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What are the three stages of rites of passage?

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separation, transition, reaggregation

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Symbols can be used as instruments of power when

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all of the above

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A movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony is called

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nativism

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A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis is known as a

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revitalization

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The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was

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Claude Lévi-Strauss

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The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person(s) undergoing the ritual is outside his or her ordinary social positions is called

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The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person(s) undergoing the ritual is outside his or her ordinary social positions is called

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Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to travel or contact supernatural forces directly on the behalf of individuals or groups are known as

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shamans

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A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called

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a rite of passage

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The principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred refers to which of the following minimal categories of religion?

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mana

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An intense comradeship in which the social distinctions among participants in a rite of passage disappear or become irrelevant is called

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communitas

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The synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside is called

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syncretism

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A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as \"play\" or as \"ordinary life\" is called

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framing

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Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful are called

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oracles

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An invisible force to which the Azande address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful is called

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oracle

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The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is self-aware is called

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witchcraft

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