Anthro – Flashcards

Human beings depend on culture for survival.

Physical anthropology includes the study of linguistic variation as it relates to climate.

Physical anthropologists assisted with the identification of victims at New York's World Trade Center after 9/11.

Morphology refers to physical shape and appearance.

Observations of living primates inform our efforts to understand our evolutionary past.

Darwin's observation that bipedalism frees the hand to hold objects led him to hypothesize that tool use was an important selective pressure on bipedalism.

A recent news article reports on findings from a dig in Mesopotamia. The researchers report that skeletal populations indicate a decline in stature and likely overall health at this period in time. This reminds you of another study you have read about, the populations of St. Catherines Island. What could be the reasons for the changes in skeletons?

Archaeology is:

Physical anthropology:

The scientific method:

A hypothesis:

Forensic anthropology differs from biocultural anthropology in which of the following ways?

How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?

Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because:

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

How is culture defined?

Franz Boas:

Chimpanzees in the wild have been observed to do all of the following EXCEPT:

Charles Darwin:

You spend a year of your life living with and studying crab fishermen. At the end of this time you document everything that you have learned. This is called a(n):

Physical anthropologists might examine:

Organisms classified in two different biological orders can still belong to the same genus.

Genetic drift is most powerful as an evolutionary cause when operating on small populations.

Mendel's discrete units responsible for the characteristics in his pea plants are now known as chromosomes.

Natural selection works on preexisting variation in a population.

Darwin's theory of evolution drew from all of the following scientific disciplines EXCEPT:

Alfred Wallace was:

Carolus Linnaeus:

The idea of catastrophism is attributed to:

The idea that geologic processes operating today are the same as those that happened in the past is:

The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking was:

Lamarck proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as:

The physical expression of an organism's genetic constitution is called the:

Different versions, or subunits, of the same gene are:

The only possible source of new genetic material is:

In 1962, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for their 1953 discovery that the structure of the DNA molecule was:

Recessive alleles for a given trait will be expressed if they are inherited:

The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group he called primates was:

All of the following are formal taxonomic categories EXCEPT:

The Human Genome Project is most likely to contribute to an understanding of which disease?

The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was:

DNA replication takes place only during the production of new gametes.

Most human nuclear DNA is coded to produce proteins.

In order for traits to respond to natural selection, they must be heritable.

All mammals have the same number of chromosomes.

Hemoglobin is an amino acid.

Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT:

The following are complementary bases in DNA:

Gametes are:

Down syndrome can occur:

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment:

Proteins consist of:

Transcription:

RNA differs from DNA in that it uses:

Meiosis results in the production of:

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following except:

Individuals whose blood type is A and carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

The presence of a recessive allele:

The expression of polygenic traits:

DNA

Chromosome number is reduced during:

Evolution can be defined as:

The only possible source of new, unique, genetic material comes from what?

According to Charles Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of:

Which of the evolutionary forces is most likely to decrease variation between two populations?

Genetic drift is the force of evolution that is most powerful when acting on very large populations.

Reproductive isolation is key to the development of individual species.

The inability to taste PTC indicates a homozygous recessive genotype.

Malaria is caused by:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:

"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's:

The substitution of one DNA base for another due to a mistake during replication is called a:

The ABO and MN blood type frequencies of the Dunkers differ significantly from those of current American and German populations due to:

Mutations to which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?

The best-documented case of industrial melanism involves:

The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known as:

Functional adaptations in humans during their lifetimes are usually associated with environmental conditions.

Vasodilation is the expansion of blood vessels near the body's surface in response to excessive cold.

Loss of body hair during human evolution may have resulted from thermoregulatory adaptation to sweating in hot climates.

C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept:

Senecence is:

DNA:

Most neonatal deaths in the U.S. are caused by:

Low birth weight can result from a mother's:

Infancy ends:

Human brain growth is completed by age:

Puberty is marked by:

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:

Osteoporosis is:

Ethnographic evidence from around the world shows that postmenopausal women do all of the following EXCEPT:

The strength and mass of bone:

Exercise improves physical fitness by contributing to all of the following EXCEPT:

Functional adaptations to high altitude include all of the following EXCEPT:

Dark skin, a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples, is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation because UV radiation can cause:

Osteomalacia is caused by:

Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:

Primates are notable for high levels of diversity and adaptability.

Suspensory locomotion is characteristic of macaques.

All primates have a projecting nose similar to that observed in dogs that contributed to their decreased reliance on a sense of smell.

Because of the enhanced sense of touch, most primate species have nails instead of claws on the back of the finger tips.

Primates are flexible and not particularly vulnerable to habitat change and hunting.

Anthropoid species have a sense of smell that is more highly developed than Prosimian species.

Unlike apes, monkeys:

The presence of five digits on hands and feet is:

Living lemurs are found only in:

Primate females:

Anthropoids include:

Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:

Prehensile tails:

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely:

A skull with a foramen magnum (which positions the skull in front of the body) belongs to:

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:

A feature unique only to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is:

Preadaptation is:

Grooming relationships reinforce social structures and cement social bonds.

Male chimpanzees' hunting success is greater when they hunt in groups.

Altruistic behavior occurs when both individuals benefit from the behavior.

Humans are the only primates known to use material culture to access food resources.

Jane Goodall was the first to document:

Sexual dimorphism in canine size:

Monogamy is characteristic of:

Altruistic behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT:

Nocturnal primates communicate through:

Chimpanzee hunting has been used as a model for the origins of human hunting because:

Harry Harlow's experiments on rhesus monkeys showed that infants placed with artificial surrogate mothers:

Chimpanzees taught by humans to make simple stone tools:

In studies of primate cognition and tool use, researchers have taughtchimpanzees to crack open nuts with stones. Later in life, these chimpanzees have taught other young chimpanzees and offspring the same skill. This could be considered:

The Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.

Rapid burial after death usually impedes fossilization.

Historically speaking, scientists were able to provide relative ages for fossils before they were able to provide numerical ages.

The chemical signature of volcanic ash layers can be used to correlate sites across vast regions.

The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:

The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:

The theory that species persist for long periods and then undergo rapid spurts of evolutionary change is:

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:

One of the only fossil sites in the world that preserves a great deal of evidence for anthropoid evolution during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs is:

Prior to the invention of absolute dating techniques, one of the chemical dating methods useful for establishing the relative age of fossils from a single site was:

Biostratigraphic dating relies on:

The absolute dating method that involves counting the annual rings visible in the cross-section of a tree is called:

With a half-life of 5,730 years, 14C dating is useful for dating carbon-bearing objects as far back as:

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?

What do geologists call the oldest portion of Earth's history, accounting for roughly 87% of that history?

A diagram (family tree) that proposes hypothetical ancestor-descendant relationships between species is a:

Which of the following has the greatest likelihood of becoming fossilized?

The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the:

The absolute dating technique that emerged as a result of research into constructing the atomic bomb during World War II is:

The dating technique in which proteins are examined under high magnification using polarized light is:

The first primate fossil ever recorded was of Adapis parisiensis, described by Georges Cuvier in France in 1822.

It is now a desert, but 30 mya the Fayum region of Egypt was a wet tropical forest.

Fossil and living apes exhibit a distinctive Y-5 pattern on the chewing surfaces of their molar teeth.

Which of the following is not a typical primate trait?

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?

Apes went extinct in southern Europe (e.g., France, Spain, Italy, Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as the result of:

A fossil primate with legs and arms of about equal length would most likely have gotten around using which form of locomotion?

Which of the following is not one of the main hypotheses to explain primate origins?

High, shearing crests on the molar teeth of a fossil primate suggests that it probably ate mostly:

Which fossil group is characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone?

The space between the canine and the first premolar in the lower jaw of some primates is a(n):

Fossil primates have NOT been recovered from which continent?

Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?

Both colobines and cercopithecines appear in the late Miocene fossil record, representing the two subfamilies of living:

The earliest hominids had very large canine teeth, similar to a male chimpanzee's.

Direct radiometric dating of volcanic rocks provides very accurate ages for many East African Rift Valley hominid sites.

Bipedal locomotion preceded the appearance of large brains during the course of hominid evolution.

The fossils from Piltdown, England, represent some of the most important evidence for the evolution of early humans in Europe.

The oldest recognizable artifacts are simple stone tools dating to about 2.6 mya and are referred to as the Oldowan Complex.

The fossil nicknamed "Lucy" is a member of which species?

The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominid fossils have been recovered, often referred to as the "cradle of humankind," is:

Each of the following traits is found in a bipedal hominid EXCEPT:

At which site would you be most likely to find fossil remains of Australopithecus africanus?

Among living nonhuman primates, which is Homo sapiens' closest relative?

The Laetoli site, in Tanzania, is most famous for:

The australopithecine lineage went extinct about:

Some australopithecines are referred to as "robust" because:

The hyoid bone of the juvenile Australopithecus afarensis fossil suggests that this species probably couldn't:

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:

Brain enlargement in the genus Homo coupled with a reduction of chewing muscles is correlated with a growing reliance on tools.

The Zhoukoudian fossils belonged to the species Homo habilis.

Homo habilis used Acheulian hand axes.

Homo erectus had longer legs than those of earlier hominids.

Eugène Dubois found fossils of this species in Southeast Asia:

Eugène Dubois was unique among major evolutionists in the nineteenth century in that he sought to test hypotheses about early human ancestors with:

Modern human traits including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture first show up in:

Relative to Australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by:

Relative to earlier hominids, Homo erectus is marked by:

The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:

Increased body size in Homo erectus relative to earlier hominids is most likely related to:

The Acheulian complex:

Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulian stone tools:

Homo erectus's cranial capacity:

According to the text, the first hominid to migrate out of Africa was:

Archaic Homo sapiens are the first hominids to have expanded beyond Africa into other parts of the Old World.

Archaic Homo sapiens display several primitive features found in geologically older hominids (e.g., Homo erectus).

Some Neandertal skulls have cranial capacities that are larger than those of the average modern human.

Stress markers in the teeth that reflect growth disruption due to poor diets or to poor health are called dental hypoplasias.

In terms of mtDNA, Neandertals differ more from modern humans than any one modern group differs from any other.

The first nonmodern human fossil to be discovered, and recognized as such, was the:

Fossil remains of archaic Homo sapiens:

The Neandertals are last recorded in the fossil record about:

Analyses of modern human genetic variation suggest that Homo sapiens evolved approximately:

Anatomically modern humans are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

According to the Out-of-Africa model, the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens:

All the following traits suggest cold adaptation for Neandertals EXCEPT:

The middle Pleistocene archaic Homo sapiens is credited with inventing:

The archeological period in Europe starting about 35,000 yBP, marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art, is called the:

Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools, usually associated with Neandertals, are called the:

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?

Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:

The hominid skeleton (LB1) recovered from the Indonesian island of Flores:

Shovel-shaped incisors are one of the most distinctive features of people from:

The distinctive fluted spear points used by early Native Americans (Paleoindians) to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals are:

The idea that cranial shape can change within a human population as a result of dietary change is referred to as the:

Osteoarthritis is a skeletal disorder most easily seen on:

Which of the following is not associated with the initial transition from foraging to agriculture?

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, what was the initial effect on height of the agriculture's adoption?

The great human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:

Dental caries increased in some areas where agriculture began, due to an increase in the consumption of:

Scientists who study plant remains in the archaeological record are:

All of the following are advantages of agriculture over foraging EXCEPT:

How many separate centers of domestication exist, according to archaeologists?

Çatalhöyük is an important Neolithic site located in:

What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?

One of the most important technological innovations that appeared at about the same time as agriculture was:

Modern humans have existed for over 100,000 years, but only over the last 10,000 years has Earth's population grown three orders of magnitude, from a few million people to over six billion today.

The archeological period between the end of the Upper Paleolithic but prior to the domestication of plants and animals is called the Mesolithic.

In the late 1960s, Lee and DeVore argued that South African food-foraging people actually had more leisure time than early farmers.

Greater reduction in jaw size relative to tooth size during the Holocene has led to greater incidence of:

The region of the Levant that contains more than fifty archaeological sites documenting the development of early farming villages in the Middle East is called:

Regarding the Neolithic, which of the following is TRUE?

Biochemist Richard Marlar provided definitive evidence for cannibalism in Cowboy Wash, Colorado, with the discovery of:

Archaeological evidence showing a shift from long and narrow skulls to short and wide skulls, as a result of a change in diet linked to domestication, has been found in:

Allergic reactions to food are a signal that the body is responding to something perceived as a foreign antigen.

There is no evidence that natural selection continues to play a role in our biology.

The burning of coal is one of the main contributing factors to global warming.

Reduction of biodiversity:

Anthropogenic forces that contribute to greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT:

What percentage of the world's population currently lives in cities?

Life expectancy in the United States has:

Hip fractures in older adults are:

Industrialization is associated with:

Of the 6.6 billion people in the world today, _____ suffer from malnutrition.