question

Anthropologists would agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as you are diligent in your work.

answer

False

question

Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.

answer

False

question

The experience of hyperventilation upon reaching a high altitude environment illustrates a long-term physiological adaptation to high altitude.

answer

False

question

Linguistic anthropologists study how languages vary in time and space, and how language and culture influence each other.

answer

True

question

Academic anthropology refers to the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to identify and solve social problems.

answer

False

question

Biological anthropologists study all of the following except: A. Ancient languages B. human biological plasticity C. primates D. hominid evolution E. human genetics

answer

A. Ancient Languages

question

What are the four main subdisciplines of anthropology? A. Medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology B. Archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology C. Biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D. Genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology E. Primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleopathology

answer

C. biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology

question

According to the text, what can we appropriately conclude from geneticists' finding that someone of African ancestry may have more in common biologically with someone of native Australian, Asian, or northern European descent than with a fellow African? A. People of African descent have migrated to Australia, Asia, and northern Europe and mixed their genes with local populations. B. People of Australian, Asian, and northern European descent have migrated to Africa and mixed their genes with local African populations. C. You may have more genetic material in common with someone who looks totally different from you than with someone considered your own "race". D. African populations are divided into a number of races, some of which have evolved to look like peoples of other regions of the world. E. Because Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, African peoples have much in common with peoples of all regions of the world.

answer

C. You may have more genetic material with someone who looks totally different from you than with someone considered your own "race."

question

What is the term for the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses? A. Ethnology B. Ethnography C. Cultural resource management D. Adaptation E. Phenotype

answer

D. Adaptation

question

What distinction do Gezon and Kottak draw between culture and society? A. Culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people. B. People share society―organized life in groups―with other animals, but culture is distinctly human. C. Culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social learning. D. People attain culture through international travel but society is the social environment of their native land. E. Society rests more upon certain features of human biology than culture does.

answer

B. People share society-- organized life in groups-- with other animals, but culture is distinctly human.

question

What to anthropological archaeologists study? A. Language B. Race C. Biological adaptation D. Modern cultural diversity E. Material remains

answer

E. Material remains

question

Ethnology is A. the study of human speech sounds. B. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. C. the most important subfield of anthropology. D. the study of ancient ethnic groups. E. a synonym for ethnography.

answer

B. The comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.

question

Ethnography is A. the firsthand, personal study of local settings B.the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations C. the study of interrelationships among all living things in an environment D. a policy aimed at removing groups that are culturally different from a country E. the cross-cultural comparison of cultural data.

answer

A. the firsthand, personal study of local settings

question

Which of the following statements about anthropology is not true? A. Anthropology is the exploration of human diversity in time and space. B. Anthropology studies the whole of the human condition. C. Anthropologists focus in part on the diversity that arises through human adaptability. D. Anthropology's biocultural approach entails finding evolutionary explanations for all human behaviors. E. Anthropology offers a comparative, cross-cultural perspective to the study of the human condition.

answer

D. Anthropology's biocultural approach entails finding evolutionary explanations for all human behaviors.

question

Anthropology is a holistic discipline in that it A. has traditionally focused on nonindustrial societies. B. deals with human culture. C. does not attempt to make generalizations about humanity. D. now focuses on industrial societies. E. studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and space.

answer

E. studies human biological, cultural and linguistic variation across both time and space.

question

The study of interactions among past living things in a past environment is A. paleoanthropology. B. paleoecology. C. garbology. D. social archaeology. E. adaptive anthropology.

answer

B. paleoecology

question

Which one of the following statements most completely characterizes anthropology as a unique field of study? A.It studies only ancient and nonindustrial societies. B. It includes biology C. It deals with crucial world dilemmas D. It is comparative and holistic

answer

D. It is comparative and holistic

question

What is the most critical element of cultural traditions? A. Their stability owing to the unchanging characteristics of human biology. B. their tendency to change radically every generation. C. Their transmission through learning rather than through biological inheritance. D. Their tendency to remain unchanged despite changing historical circumstances.

answer

C. Their transmission through learning rather than through biological inheritance.

question

How has human reliance on cultural means of adaptation changed? a. Humans are just beginning to depend on them. B. Humans have become increasingly dependent on them. C. Humans have become entirely reliant on them. D. Humans no longer use cultural means.

answer

B. Humans have become increasingly dependent on them.

question

Four-field anthropology A. was shaped largely by early American anthropologists' interests in Native Americans. B. lacks unity, since only archaeology and biological anthropology consider variation in time and space C. lacks unity because the four subfields do not share key assumptions. D. is weak in examining the relation between biology and culture

answer

A. was shaped largely by early American anthropologists' interests in Native Americans

question

Which of the following accurately distinguishes ethnography from ethnology? A. ethnology focuses on the study of particular cultures, while ethnography looks at cultures comparatively. B. traditionally, ethnography was done in large societies with wealth and power, while ethnology focused on small societies with little wealth. C. ethnography studies cultures that are isolated from one another, while ethnology studies nations influenced by globalization. D. Ethnologists look beyond the particular cultural data that ethnographers describe and interpret to compare and contrast and make generalizations about society and culture.

answer

D. Ethnologists look beyond the particular cultural data that ethnographers describe and interpret to compare and contrast and make generalizations about society and culture.

question

Anthropology is a humanistic science most particularly because a. the techniques it uses come from a variety of sciences, including those that study humans' relations with other animals. b. it discovers, describes, and attempts to explain similarities and differences among humans, with concern for the full diversity of world views and voices. c. it is a systematic study that respects experiment, observation, and deduction as applied to both contemporary human life and human evolution. d. over the years it has compiled an impressive body of knowledge about human life.

answer

b. it discovers, describes and attempts to explain similarities and differences among humans, with concern for the full diversity of worldviews and voices

question

all of the following are true about applied anthropology EXCEPT that a. it uses knowledge, perspectives, or methods of the four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical human problems. b.it is a growing aspect of anthropology, with increasingly more anthropologists developing applied components of their work. c. it is less relevant for archaeology, since archaeology concerns the material culture of societies that no longer exist. d. it has many applications because of anthropology's breadth.

answer

C. it is less relevant for archaeology since archaeology concerns the material culture of societies that no longer exist.

question

A ______ approach refers to the inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem.

answer

Biocultural

question

Anthropology's biocultural perspective A. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment or solve a particular issue or problem. B. is the reason it has traditionally studied nonindustrialized societies C. is insignificant, since evolution is studied by biological anthropologists while culture is studied by cultural anthropologists D. is a product of the participant observation approach E. places it in the humanities

answer

A. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment or solve a particular issue or problem.

question

_______ provides an account of fieldwork in a particular community, society, or culture.

answer

Ethnography

question

______ encompasses nay use of the knowledge and/or techniques of the four subfields of anthropology to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. More and more anthropologists increasingly work in this dimension of the discipline.

answer

Applied Anthropology

question

The ______ characterizes any anthropological endeavor that formulates research questions and gathers or uses systematic data to test hypotheses.

answer

Scientific method

question

President Barack Obama's mother , Dr. Ann Dunham was a(n) A. primatologist B. cultural and applied anthropologist C. biological anthropologist D. medical anthropologist E. archaeologist

answer

B. cultural and applied anthropologist

question

Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four-field anthropology? A. it has a holistic approach B. it has a broad cross-cultural comparison C. it is the study of human biology, culture and language D. it is a science and a humanity E. it has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures

answer

E. it has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures

question

The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude provides an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation B. long-term physiological adaptation C. short-term physiological adaptation D. cultural adaptation E. archaeological adaptation

answer

D. cultural adaptation

question

A systematic field of study that uses experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena is A. culture B. religion C. humanities D. science E. folk lore

answer

D. science

question

Which question was important in the origins of American anthropology? A. How are the Neandertals related to us? B. where did Native Americans come from? C. When and where did food production first begin? D. How much beer do people in Arizona drink today? E. Where do ideals of attractiveness come from?

answer

B. where did Native Americans come from?

question

Which of the following countries is least likely to sent female swimmers to the olympics? A. USA B. Germany C the Netherlands D, Norway E. Brazil

answer

E. Brazil

question

Rathje's garbology project A. studies the stratification of landfills B. is archaeology of modern people C. answered the question why people leave things behind for archaeologists to find D. is a study of potsherds E. was conducted in ancient Egypt

answer

B. is archaeology of modern people

question

A scientist who studies the fossil record of human evolution is a(n) A. paleoanthropologist B. archaeologist C. ethnologist D. treasure hunter E. primatologist

answer

A. paleoanthropologist

question

The study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation is called A. historic linguistics B. applied linguistics C. cultural resource management D. adaptation E. sociolinguistics

answer

E. sociolinguistics

question

The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is known as A. applied anthropology B. economic anthropology C. conceptual anthropology D. sociobiology E. participant observation

answer

A. applied anthropology

question

Cultural resource management is an example of applied A. ethnology B. biological anthropology C. archaeology D. linguistic anthropolgy E. ethnography

answer

C. archaeolgy

question

An anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka. She or he is most likely a(n) A. cultural anthropologist B. linguistic anthropologist C. paleoanthropologist D. archaeological anthropologist E. biological anthropologist

answer

A. cultural anthropologist

question

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which individuals learn culture? A. genetic transmission B. unconscious acquisition C. through observation D. through direct instruction E. conscious acquisition

answer

A. genetic transmission

question

Which anthropological approach focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live? A. cultural relativism B. experimental anthropology C. interpretive anthropology D. neoevolutionism E. practice theory

answer

E. practice theory

question

Which of the following processes would be considered an example of civic culture? A. television shows B. process of voting to elect leaders C. McDonald's D. Unspoken dress codes for funerals E. a musical performance at the city civic center

answer

B. process of voting to elect leaders

question

What do anthropologists mean when culture is shared? A. culture is an attribute of particular individuals B. culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups C. culture is what ensures that at all people raised in the same society have the same opinions. D. culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual E. enculturation is accomplished by more than one person

answer

B. culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups

question

What is the term of a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies? A. Morpheme B. Lexicon C. Phoneme D. Symbol E. Collateral

answer

D. Symbol

question

What is cultural relativism? A. a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols B.the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture C. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans D. the opposite of participant observation E. the same thing as ethnocentrism, but it applies only to family structures

answer

B.the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture

question

Which of the following is a cultural universal? A. Hypodescent B. Hyperdescent C. Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies D. Transhumance E. Some kind of family

answer

E. Some kind of family

question

What is ethnocentrism? A. viewing another culture by their own standards. B. viewing another culture by your own culture and values C. viewing another culture by government standards D. viewing another culture by the universal moral code that we all follow E. viewing a culture through rose-colored glasses

answer

B. viewing another culture by your own culture and values

question

What are cultural particulars? A. features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture B. Features unique to ta given culture, not shared with any others C. different levels of culture D. the most general aspect of culture patterns E. cultural features exhibited by individual rather than groups

answer

B. Features unique to ta given culture, not shared with any others

question

Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is not true? A. cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures B. cultural relativism argues that some cultures are better than others C. cultural relativism argues that we we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures D. cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other E. cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole

answer

B. cultural relativism argues that some cultures are better than others

question

How are cultural rights different from human rights? A. Human rights are real, while cultural rights are just percieved B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not individuals D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rightw

answer

C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not individuals

question

Which of the following is a cultural generality? A. life in groups B. the use of fire C. incest taboo D. use of symbols E. nuclear family

answer

E. nuclear family

question

What type of diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another? A. Forced diffusion B. Direct diffusion C. Indirect diffusion D. enculturated diffusion E. bilateral diffusion

answer

B. Direct diffusion

question

What is the term for cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous firsthand contact? A. acculturation B. enculturation C. independent invention D. colonization E. imperialism

answer

A. acculturation

question

What is the term for processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent. A. acculturation B. diffusion C. Globalization D. enculturation E. independent invention

answer

C. Globalization

question

Although rap music began in the United States, it is now popular all over the world. Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this? A. acculturation B. enculturation C. independent invention D. colonization E. diffusion

answer

E. diffusion

question

The emergence of agriculture in at least seven different regions of the world is an example of A. acculturation B. enculturation C. independent invention D. colonization E. diffusion

answer

C. independent invention

question

What do people say they do or should do (as opposed to what they actually do) is known as A. imagined culture B. ethnocentrism C. agency D. ideal culture E. verbal culture

answer

D. ideal culture

question

What term refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society? A. subcultures B. Globalization C. Diffusion D. Hypodescent E. Pidgins

answer

A. subcultures

question

What kinds of people do anthropologists consider to be "cultured"? A. educated people B. key cultural consultants C. ethnocentric people D. culturally sensitive people E. All people

answer

E. All people

question

What mechanism of cultural change is responsible for pidgin English? A. enculturation B. acculturation C. independent invention D. migration E. diffusion

answer

B. acculturation

question

What term refers to the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems? A. enculturation B. acculturation C. independent invention D. globalization E. diffuison

answer

C. independent invention

question

The internet has hindered the process of globalization

answer

false

question

The idea of universal inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism

answer

True

question

The nuclear family is a feature of all known cultures

answer

False

question

Although culture is one of the principal means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a groups survival.

answer

True

question

______ encompasses a series of processes, including migration, acculturation, and ________, which is the borrowing of traits between cultures

answer

Globalization, diffusion

question

__________ includes citizens' compliance with the legal system, participation in formal elections, and membership in voluntary and faith-based organizations

answer

Civic culture

question

Clifford Geertz defined culture as ideas based on cultural _________ and ________.

answer

learning, symbols

question

Which of the following statements about culture is FALSE? A. despite increased reliance on cultural means of adaptation, humans still adapt biologically B. cultural traditions are trasmitted throught learning C. cultural patterns might offer short-term benefits to a particular group but nevertheless threaten that group's long-term survival D. if certain cultural patterns offer short-term benefits, they are usually adaptive in the long fun as well

answer

D. if certain cultural patterns offer short-term benefits, they are usually adaptive in the long fun as well

question

This chapter's discussion of the similarities and differences between humans and apes A. states that all hominids have evolved the same capacities for culture B. emphasizes culture's evolutionary basis, stressing the interaction between biology and culture C. states that genetics has been more important than culture in determining our particular evolutionary path D. illustrates how human females' lack of a visible estrus cycle determined our unique capacity for culture

answer

B. emphasizes culture's evolutionary basis, stressing the interaction between biology and culture

question

The "psychic unity" of humans, a doctrine that most anthropologists accept, means that A. psychology is the exclusive domain of the academic discipline of psychology B. genetically mixed descendence of people from around the world will not be capable of acquiring the common national culture of the country they now live in. C. although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture D. psychological attributes are determined by our genes

answer

C. although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture

question

Anthropologists have found that certain biological, psychological. social, and cultural features are universal. All of the following are examples of this EXCEPT: A. a long period of infant dependency B. seasonal (rather than year-round sexuality) C. life in groups and in some kind of family D. capacity to use symbols, languages and tools.

answer

B. seasonal (rather than year-round sexuality)

question

Anthropologists have noted that culture is often contested. This means that A. different groups in a society struggle over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail B. certain symbols may have different meanings to specific individuals and groups, even though most common symbols are agreed upon by everyone in a culture C. humans are passive beings who must follow their cultural traditions D. "real " culture (the actual behavior of individuals in a society) is of primary importance to anthropological study, while "ideal" culture has no significance

answer

A. different groups in a society struggle over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail

question

In anthropology, cultural relativism a. is primarily a methodological position rather than a moral one B. is equally a moral and methodological position towards other cultures C. is synonymous with moral relativism D. is a political position that argues for the defense of human rights, regardless of culture

answer

a. is primarily a methodological position rather than a moral one

question

Cultural traits, patterns, and inventions also can be ______, threatening the group's continued existence (survival and reproduction)

answer

maladaptive

question

According to Leslie White, culture, and therefore humanity, came into existence when humans began to use ______.

answer

symbols

question

The term _______ refers to any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla, while the term ______ refers only to any fossil or living human.

answer

hominid, hominin

question

Unlike human rights, ______ are vested not in individuals but in groups, including indigenous peoples and religions and ethnic minorities.

answer

cultural rights

question

Compared to questionnaires, interview schedules tend to be more indirect and personal.

answer

False

question

An anthropologist should have many key cultural consultants for the culture he or she is studying.

answer

True

question

Ethnology is the holistic study of a single community.

answer

False

question

Good key cultural consultants generally end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography.

answer

False

question

Interviews can help establish rapport with community members.

answer

True

question

What is salvage ethnography? A. Recording cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization B. Recovering an archaeological site that is about to be destroyed by a public building or road C. Rewriting an ethnography that was written in the ethnographic present D. Recording linguistic diversity that is about to become extinct. E. Making sure that ethnography remains an important part of anthropology.

answer

A. Recording cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization

question

In survey research, a sample should A. include the entire population in question. B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher. C. not be randomly selected. D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made. E. be invariant.

answer

D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made.

question

What kind of researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations? A. Ethnographer B. Sociologist C. Economist D. Palynologist E. Limnologist

answer

A. Ethnographer

question

What term refers to the study of a community, region, society, or culture over time? A. Team research B. Etic research C. Longitudinal research D. Survey research E. Genealogical method

answer

C. Longitudinal research

question

What is the ethnographic present? A. The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture B. The period before Westernization C. The period that documents culture change D. The dates that include culture contact E. The date the ethnography was published

answer

B. The period before Westernization

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers? A. The genealogical method B. Participant observation C. Conversation D. Telephone questionnaires E. Interview schedules

answer

D. Telephone questionnaires

question

Which of the following techniques was developed specifically because kinship and marriage relationships are so important in nonindustrial societies? A. The life history B. Participant observation C. The genealogical method D. The interview schedule E. Network analysis

answer

C. The genealogical method

question

Which of the following strategies is unique to anthropology? A. Comparison B. A biological perspective C. Ethnography D. An evolutionary perspective E. Working with skilled respondents

answer

C. Ethnography

question

n survey research, what is sampling? A. The collection of a representative sample of a larger population B. The interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants C. Participant observation D. The collection of life histories of every member in a community E. The recording of the emic perspective

answer

A. The collection of a representative sample of a larger population

question

In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes that differ among members of a population? A. Unknowns B. Questionnaires C. Interviews D. Variables E. Random samples

answer

D. Variables

question

Key cultural consultants, also called key ___________ , are people who by accident, experience, talent, or training can provide the ethnographer with the most complete or useful information about particular aspects of life.

answer

informants

question

Traditionally, anthropologists used __________ techniques to study small populations to create firsthand, personal studies of local cultural settings.

answer

ethnographic

question

__________ is the cornerstone of cultural anthropological studies and involves the researcher taking part in the activities being observed.

answer

participant observation

question

In ________ , the ethnographer puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text.

answer

reflexive ethnography

question

Traditionally, sociologists worked in large, industrial Western nations, while anthropologists focust on smaller, nonindustrial societies.

answer

True

question

Classical archaeologists investigate archaeological sites that are threatened by development

answer

False

question

Anthropologists need to get permission from the community they are studying only when they intend to take photographs or make recordings.

answer

False

question

Primatologists study primates in both zoos and natural settings

answer

True

question

Longitudinal ethnographic research is the long-term study of a particular culture or society frequently based on repeated visits.

answer

True

question

Physical anthropology and archaeology both involve multidisciplinary approaches to research.

answer

True

question

Experimental archaeologists try to replicate ancient techniques under controlled conditions

answer

True

question

Historical archaologists use written records to supplement the archaeological record.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is one of the advantages an interview schedule has over a questionnaire? A. interview schedule rely on very short responses and therefore are more useful when there is less time to conduct research B. interview schedules are better suited to complex, urban societies C. questionnaires are emic, while interview schedules are etic. D. questionnaires are completely unstructured, so informants might deviate from the subject of interest. E. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important

answer

E. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important

question

How does survey research differ from ethnography? A. survey research generally focuses on a subset of a larger population B. survey research is more personal C. survey research has traditionally been used to study small-scale, nonindustrial societies D. survey research is based on firsthand fieldwork. E. survey research studies whole functioning communities

answer

A. survey research generally focuses on a subset of a larger population

question

The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is A. simply disregarded by most researchers B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are subject to potentially hazardous working conditions C. overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists D. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States. E. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general.

answer

E. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general.

question

Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is known as A. emic research B. etic research C. longitudinal research D. participant observation E. informed consent

answer

D. participant observation

question

What is a term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life? A. etic informant B. representative sample C. biased informant D. life historian E. key cultural consultant

answer

E. key cultural consultant

question

Trends in doing ethnography include the following EXCEPT A. a move away from holistic accounts toward investigation of specific problems B. the inclusion of field gathered data form two or more stays in the field (longitudinal research) C. doing more work for colonial governments D. giving more attention to contacts from outside the communities being studied

answer

C. doing more work for colonial governments

question

Which of the following is not a part of the AAA code of ethics? A. the recognition that anthropologists are obligated to their scholarly field, to the wider society and culture, and to the human species B. the recommendation that anthropologists avoid taking stands on issues that arise in their dealings with another culture C. the requirement that all parties involved in doing anthropological research be informed about the nature, procedures, purpose, and potential impacts of the research. D. the recommendation that the people anthropologists work with in the field be respected, acknowledged, and compensated in appropriate ways

answer

B. the recommendation that anthropologists avoid taking stands on issues that arise in their dealings with another culture

question

_____ is agreement by an informant, consultant, or community to take part in anthropological research after having been told about its nature, procedures and possible impacts.

answer

informed consent

question

The Pentagon's ______, which embeds anthropologists and other social scientists in military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan, has been criticized by the AAA.

answer

Human terrain system

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that speakers of simple languages are unable to think in sophisticated ways

answer

False

question

The term disglossia is used to refer to linguistic groups that use only two basic color terms.

answer

False

question

Phonology is the study of speech sounds.

answer

True

question

Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language.

answer

True

question

The term protolanguage is used to refer to the limited communication systems of nonhuman primates

answer

False

question

Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish between slight variations in color.

answer

False

question

Focal vocabularies are only found in non-Western societies.

answer

False

question

Language is transmitted through enculturation.

answer

True

question

All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and thus not influenced by culture.

answer

False

question

Historical linguists study linguistic performance by categorizing speakers as inadequate, competent, or highly proficient.

answer

False

question

What term refers to the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language? A. Morphemes B. Phonemes C. Syntax D. Grammar E. Diglossia

answer

B. Phonemes

question

Deborah Tannen's research on the speech habits of men and women has revealed that A. there are no discernible differences between the way men and women use language. B. men tend to make eye contact more frequently than women. C. women tend to recite information in an attempt to solidify their position in a social hierarchy. D. men rely more on nonverbal gestures than do women. E. women tend to use language to build social connections with others.

answer

E. women tend to use language to build social connections with others.

question

What is the term for all of a language's morphemes and their meanings? A. Syntax B. Lexicon C. Ethnosemantics D. Ethnoscience E. Phonology

answer

B. Lexicon

question

Which of the following statements best describes the use of language by apes? A. Only humans are capable of learning and using language. B. Apes use American Sign Language in the wild. C. Apes cannot be taught to use American Sign Language. D. Only chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language. E. Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement, although there is still a gap between human and other ape language capabilities.

answer

E. Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement, although there is still a gap between human and other ape language capabilities.

question

What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language? A. Descendant languages B. Sibling languages C. Daughter languages D. Brother languages E. Protolanguages

answer

C. Daughter languages

question

What term refers to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences? A. Syntax B. Lexicon C. Grammar D. Phonology E. Morphology

answer

A. Syntax

question

Which linguist has argued that all human languages have a common structural basis and that all humans have similar linguistic abilities? A. Edward Sapir B. Benjamin Lee Whorf C. William Labov D. Noam Chomsky E. Deborah Tannen

answer

D. Noam Chomsky

question

In his study of New York department store employees, Labov found that A. /r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the upper-middle-class store (Saks). B. /r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the middle-class store (Macy's). C. /r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the lower-middle-class store (S. Klein's). D. workers in all three stores pronounced /r/ with the same frequency. E. none of the workers with whom he interacted pronounced /r/.

answer

A. /r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the upper-middle-class store (Saks).

question

Most professional linguists regard BEV as what? A. A protolanguage B. A distinct language C. A linguistic anomaly D. A dialect of American English E. An inferior version of English

answer

D. A dialect of American English

question

Which statement about nonhuman primate calls is not true? A. They occur in response to environmental stimuli. B. Calls demonstrate linguistic productivity. C. They are automatic and cannot be combined. D. Calls vary in intensity and duration. E. Call systems produce a limited number of sounds.

answer

B. Calls demonstrate linguistic productivity.

question

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that A. the Hopi do ont divide time into past, present, and future; the Hopi have no concept of time. B. different languages produce different ways of thinking C. changes in culture produce changes in language and thought D. all languages share the same grammatical categories

answer

B. different languages produce different ways of thinking

question

Which of the following statements about BEV is true? A. BEV is a simple linguistic system with its own rules B. All African Americans speak BEV C. As a linguistic system, Standard English is superior to BEV. D. Upwardly mobile BEV-speaking students typically consider Standard English to be society's prestige dialect and learn it.

answer

D. Upwardly mobile BEV-speaking students typically consider Standard English to be society's prestige dialect and learn it.

question

A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include land, labor, and technology

answer

True

question

Most modern foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from other modern, agricultural, and industrial societies.

answer

False

question

With transhumance, the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year.

answer

False- pastoral nomadism

question

Although the productivity per area of agriculture is much greater, horticultural yields are more dependable in the long run.

answer

False

question

With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not know each other.

answer

False

question

Transhumance is a form of A. horticulture. B. pastoralism. C. foraging. D. agriculture. E. reciprocity.

answer

B. pastoralism.

question

According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is A. an example of the interrelatedness of religion and economy. B. an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions. C. the result of a gender-based division of labor, which is unique to Malaysian society. D. a reflection of the workers' gratitude for having been hired. E. an example of negative reciprocity.

answer

B. an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.

question

Which of the following is not associated with the market principle? A. Profit motive B. The law of supply and demand C. Fixed values for products D. Bargaining E. Industrialism

answer

C. Fixed values for products

question

What kind of social unit is common among foragers? A. Tribe B. Chiefdom C. Segmentary lineage D. State E. Band

answer

E. Band

question

Means of production include A. foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism. B. the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity. C. generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity. D. kinship, descent, and marriage. E. land, labor, and technology.

answer

E. land, labor, and technology.

question

Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation? A. Intensive use of land and human labor B. Irrigation and terracing C. Use of draft animals D. Location in arid areas E. Slash-and-burn techniques

answer

E. Slash-and-burn techniques

question

Horticulture makes intensive use of A. labor. B. land. C. machinery. D. capital. E. none of the factors of production.

answer

E. none of the factors of production.

question

Paying taxes is an example of A. generalized reciprocity. B. balanced reciprocity. C. the market principle. D. redistribution. E. negative reciprocity.

answer

D. redistribution.

question

How does horticulture differ from agriculture? A. The former involves the use of domesticated animals, whereas the latter does not. B. Because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains. C. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not. D. The former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive. E. Horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.

answer

C. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.

question

Agricultural intensification is not associated with A. greater ecological diversity. B. deforestation. C. increased regulation of interpersonal relations. D. increased potential for conflict. E. population growth.

answer

A. greater ecological diversity.

question

In non-industrial societies, a _________ mode of production prevails.

answer

kin-based

question

Population control in states refers to police and military forces.

answer

False

question

States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.

answer

True

question

The nuclear family and the band are the two basic social groups typically found in forager societies.

answer

True

question

Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.

answer

False

question

The elites of archaic states enjoyed restricted access to sumptuary goods.

answer

True

question

Of the specialized subsystems characteristic of states, the religious subsystem is the most important.

answer

False

question

An age set is an example of a pantribal sodality.

answer

True

question

Chiefs occupied formal offices and administered or regulated a series of villages.

answer

True

question

Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not typical of state societies? A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy B. Class stratification C. Boundary maintenance systems D. Intensive agriculture E. Fiscal systems

answer

A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy

question

Which of the following does not describe the situation of the Yanomami? A. Missionaries lived with the Yanomami for 50 years, providing health care and transportation. B. The Venezuelan president expelled the missionaries from the Venezuelan Amazon. C. The Yanomami claim that the government is not providing the same level of health care assistance as the missionaries, leading to an increase in deaths. D. Some Yanomami are being trained in health care. E. The Yanomami are isolated from missionaries and the Venezuelan government, and are self-sufficient.

answer

E. The Yanomami are isolated from missionaries and the Venezuelan government, and are self-sufficient.

question

Which of the following statements about nonstate societies is true? A. Warfare is conducted by professional armies. B. Political institutions are totally separate from economic institutions. C. Social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion. D. Economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated. E. All political power is based on religion.

answer

D. Economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated.

question

Kin groups whose members are related to a common ancestor are known as A. bands. B. sodalities. C. age sets. D. secret societies. E. descent groups.

answer

E. descent groups.

question

Which of the following statements concerning the Basseri and the Qashqai is true? A. Both were nomadic foraging groups in Iran. B. A symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists. C. The Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example. D. The Qashqai authority structure was more complex and hierarchical than that of the Basseri. E. The Basseri and Qashqai were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.

answer

D. The Qashqai authority structure was more complex and hierarchical than that of the Basseri.

question

What term do social scientists use to refer to the socially approved use of power? A. Authority B. Influence C. Prestige D. Stratification E. Endogamy

answer

A. Authority

question

What is a "big man"? A. A person who holds a permanent political office B. A hereditary ruler C. A person of influence and prestige D. A leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity E. A leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine

answer

C. A person of influence and prestige

question

What is the primary difference between a village head and a "big man"? A. A big man can enforce his decisions. B. A big man has supporters in multiple villages. C. A village head is a band leader, whereas a big man is a tribal leader. D. A big man's high status is ascribed, whereas a village head's high status is achieved. E. Village head is a permanent political office, whereas big man is a temporary position.

answer

B. A big man has supporters in multiple villages.

question

Which of the following societies has village heads? A. Qashqai B. San C. Kapauku D. Yanomami E. Basseri

answer

D. Yanomami

question

In band societies, what typically determines the amount of respect or status that an individual enjoys? A. Rank ascribed at birth B. Culturally valued personal attributes C. The individual's possessions and their monetary value D. The amount of labor that the individual can extract from his or her spouse and children E. Genealogical relationships to apical ancestors

answer

B. Culturally valued personal attributes

question

According to Weber, what is the basis of social status? A. Wealth B. Age C. Prestige D. Intelligence E. Power

answer

C. Prestige

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