Animal geography 2 – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| What makes California such a biodiverse hotspot? |
-Centrall valley basin isolated by mtns & oceans. -lots of nooks & crannies for biodiversity(isolated) -Mediterranean Climate -Hotspot because it's very inviting for people; urban development & agriculture; brought a lot of attractive plants w/ them.
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Name 2 plants that are extremely invasive to California!
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Ice plants & Ivy brought in to prevent erosion. -replaced plants taken out for development. -Favorite habitat for rats(Beverly Hills most infested city) -Not favorable for foxes, coyotes, bobcats(natural fauna) |
| Endemic Species LONG GONE from CA |
-Grizzly bear(State bear-1820) -Wolf(1924) -Jaguar(In C. Valley-1860) -Bison(only on Catalina from movie shooting)
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| Endemic Species still alive in CA |
-Least Bell's Vireo(endangered;loss of habitat-No development allowed in their region) -Giant Kangaroo Rat(KEYSTONE- Important in San Juaquin Valley; makes tunnels so other animals can live in) -Yosemite Toad -Tiger Salamander -Island Grey Fox/Night Lizard |
Home Range Requirement for some species: Mtn Lion, wolf, lynx. -What are some adaptable species to home ranges? |
Mtn Lion- (50-150miles) Wolf-(100-200) Lynx-(50-100) -Mtn lions very solitary, hard to adapt; Very adaptable-Coyote; live in LA city exclusively, very common in OC. |
| Biological Corridors? What are the 2 proposed? What are some corridors used? |
-Adarondaks & Yellowstone/Yukon -Adarondaks: Good in Canada, bad in US -Yellowstone: More difficult to develop due to urban areas. -Overpasses, culverts, and role bridges(for rodents) -PLUIE: FACE OF biological corridors. |
| McCarther & Wilson |
Performed study on mangrove island to explain how populations occur on islands. -Species area curve: Greater distance from mainland & island size effects biodiversity. |
| Distance effect; Species area curve; Target effect; Equilibrium Species richness |
-Species Area Curve: Larger the island, fewer the extinctions: more species, lower extinction rate because of more habitats, niches, varieties(more real estate) -Target effect: Species target larger islands(passively) when rafting because their chance of survival is higher. -Equilibrium species richness: levels off, Balance of size of island matching up w/ # of species; enough habitats to accomodate species on island. (applicable to islands and mainland fragmented "islands") |
| Influencing factors of biodiversity of islands |
-Degree of isolation -Length of isolation(If ever connected to anything else & then separated, the longer it is, the more unique isolated species become) -Size of island -Habitat suitability(Climate) -initial composition(when connected to mainland) & current composition(Lots of plants/animals to eat) -Location relative to ocean currents(for rafting) -Chance/luck -Human Activity |
| Krakatau island |
-Island volcano blew up 1883, killed everything but spiders. -Watched life redevelop on island: -1st: Grasses(1 year) -2nd: flowers(3 years) -3rd: Birds/Bats -4th: Non-volen species(had to make effort to get there); Monitor Lizard, geckos, pythons(reptiles/amphibians) -5th: Pigs & otters
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| Jared Diamond theory |
SLOSS- Single Large or Several Small; If we are going to protect habitats, which are most important? -Bigger Islands allow for more species than smaller -Intact environments better to protect than small fragments -Islands closer to each other or mainland are better thaen isolated ones. (easier dispersal/recolonization) -Clumped better than linear if they must be small (easier dispersal amoung multiple patches) -Connected corridors better dispersal than not connected if must be fragmented. -Round is better than other shapes(decreases edges)
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| Species especially vulnerable to fragmentation |
-LARGE RANGE: large mammals(esp. carnivores) & birds, any animal that migrates a lot. -Poor Dispersal ability: Can't move well; Sloth -Specialized requirements: If it has very few specific needs from habitat that goes away and has no way of getting from point A to point B, will die out(Amphibians in wetlands) -Low ability to reproduce: Mammals, take long time to produce few(PANDA) -Vulnerable to human exploitation or persecution: Tasty or taboo to humans. |
| How do we know about fragmentation? |
Research done on Amazon rainforest since 1979, created fragmentation of different sizes, shapes, fragmentivity. mirriors island biogeography. -WHY AMAZON?: Charismatic landmass; whenever rainforest talked about you think AMAZON. More emotional attachment than ice sheets. |
| Where are rainforests located? |
-30% in sub-sahara africa -25% on islands -9% Australian Zone
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| Ometepe Island |
Dual Volcano on lake in Nicaragua, never part of mainland -No ocean currents; lake -Harsh winds make rafting improbable -Contains monkey, deer, domesticated animals all brought by humans thousands of years ago. -All species could go extinct in 50 years, people can't bring anything over(Law)
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Madagascar
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-Once attached to Africa(Godwanda) 160 mya. -Does not share animal groups w/ Africa anymore due to time of isolation and change from parent species. -Wide variety of habitats! -13,000 different plants,,90% Endemic- Highest in world. -Endemic plants = endemic animals -60% of animals exist no where else, relict species. -Elephant birds: 10ft tall, 880 lbs, 3ft eggs, went extinct in 17th century due to change in habitat w/ isolation. -Only 1 Endemic reptile(Iguana), but hundreds of reptile species, chameleons; nile crocodile. -LOTS OF LEMURS: only occur in Madagascar, 100 species all endangered on remnants of rainforest fragments. - |
| Key points to a successful Conservation Project |
-Every action has a consequence -Every issue has numerous stakeholders -If you can get majority to be happy you get what you want; Can't make everyone happy. -An environmental concern is not a movie. The marketing idea can be for stakeholders, but this is about people/environment. -People use concept of marketing movie to sell one's position.
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| nearctic realm location |
| -N. america, Canadian shield, greenlann, northern Mexico, Central America. |
| Animals that used to/still do live in neartic realm, why? |
-lots of similar species(East/West orientation) -Amazing fertile soil as result of natural events(glacier/wind) -Lots of soil = lots of food = Megafauna -MEGAFAUNA: Dire wolf, short face bear, mammath, american lion, camel, saber tooth cat, Ground sloth(All found at La Brea Tar Pits)
-Traveling from cold to warmer easier than vise versa, its why many animals migrated to S. America and never came back.
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| What is "rewilding" the Americas & what are some problems? |
-Group wants to bring back original native species; including megafauna(elephants/lions). -problem: something not existing region for 1000 years can't readapt to changed environment, predator/prey relation, soil/vegetation types. -reasons for reintorduction: Keystone/common species; ex. black footed ferret maintaining prairie dog populations in midwest & Sea otter for maintaining urchen population. |
| How many lemurs are on madagascar? Why so many? How did they get there? And why can't they do it today? |
| -Got to island by LUCK/CHANCE 5 families, 15, genera, 100 species; arrived when africa was closer or attached madagascar, ocean currents used to pull rafters on mats of vegetation towards island, they've since changed. -There is such a high habitat diversity & lack of competition which allowed lemurs to fill many different niches. All are endangered now because the habitats are becoming fragmented(species can't get back and forth), took 1000's of years to develop island biodiversity, takes 10's to destroy it. |
| Why are rainforests so important? Compared to Boreal? |
| -Rainforests contain more than 1/2 of all species on earth through extensive niches, layers, varieties of food, climates(different/layer);effects a lot. -VERY CHARISMATIC -Exponentially larger than boreal forest due to layers. |
| Describe the different layers of a rainforest |
| -Floor: Shrubs, live in dark, big leaves, very fertile(biomass), lots of insects! -Understory: Sapralings, dying trees(make openings), huge home for birds, snakes, lizards, jaguars. -Canopy:Spectacular biodiversity, thickest layer, drop nets on trees and walk across(for researchers)1/4 OF ALL INSECT SPECIES IN WORLD HERE(lots of niches!) -Emergent: Emerges out of forest, large(260ft) trees pop out, lots of butterflies, bats, monkeys & large birds |
| Decribe some plants that grow in the rainforest |
| Liana: Vines that start at bottom & grow up trees reaching for sun. -Strangler Figs: Works from top down, takes root, animals spread seed into trees, eventually kills host, forms "pocket" habitats; Banyan tree. -Fan Palms: Common in CA, spiky, spiders collect in buds of palm. -Buttress: Very important habitat for variety of species, shallow root/soil trees, water/soil collects & protection is provided for animal niches. |
| Can rainforests recover? |
| No, they can regrow but never return to layers, soil less fertile, drier/sunnier/hotter, new forests grow, cannot house same species. |
| Ways to work with all sides protecting rainforests |
| -MULTIPLE STAKEHOLDERS: Must get majority to be happy, hit the consumers, inform the public, work with subsistent locals, everyone needs to compromise, Animals only one w/o voice. |
| What are the conflicts of the mekong river? |
| China wants to build a dam for power & agriculture, Laos wants a dam for power to bring it into 21st century & Cambodia wants the river left open for their subsistent fishing. |
| species endemic to CA islands |
| Island grey fox, island night lizard, antelope squirell, Least Bell's vireo- Needs coastal sage scrub to nest in, being removed; there is a cow bird that lays eggs in Vireos nest and if it breaks eggs then cow bird breaks vireo's eggs; Cannot do construction on areas of habitat. |
| rescue population |
| when species is going extinct, there is another population on another island or mainland that can be brought in to prevent extinction. |
| rescue population |
| when species is going extinct, there is another population on another island or mainland that can be brought in to prevent extinction. |
| Relict species to madagascar |
| Ground roller & coocoo roller |
| Extinct species on madagascar |
| Giant lemur, elephant bird- existed into 17th century until humans, 10ft 880lbs 1 meter circumference for eggs'; lost habitat killed off. |
| Only 1 endemic family on madagascar |
| -iguana, but 100's of reptile species 90% of those are endemic. |
| What GIS is used for? |
| -Spatially correlate multiple types of data & establish relationships between different things. Applications for city planning, business, health, poli sci, & natural resource extraction. |
| Avg household expenditure on energy per year. |
| $1,500/yr |
