Anatomy & Physiology Final Study Guide – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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Science which deals with body parts
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Physiology
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Study of body functions
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Organize from simplest to most complex
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Chemical Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
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Major Systems of the Body
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Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive
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Integumentary System
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Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
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Skeletal System
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Bones, ligaments, cartilage
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Muscular System
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muscles
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Nervous System
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
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Endocrine System
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Glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones
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Cardiovascular System
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Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
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Digestive System
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Receive food and break it down
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Respiratory System
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Move air in and out and exchange gasses between blood and the air
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Urinary System
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and uretra
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Reproductive System
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To produce offspring
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Homeostasis
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State of balance in which the body's internal environment remains in the normal range
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Negative Feedback
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Stabilizes physiological variables Inhibitory Responsible for maintaining homeostasis More common than the other type of feedback produces an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system.
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Positive Feedback
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Stimulatory Amplifies that change that is occurring Tends to produce destabilizing effects and disrupts homeostasis
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Components of a control mechanism
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Receptors - Provide information of conditions Set Point - Standard Effectors - Responders
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Body in Anatomical Position
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Sagitial Plane - median plane Transverse Plane - Horizontal Plane Cornal - Frontal Plane Ventricular Cavity - Belly side Dorsal - Back Abdominopelvic - Abdomen & pelvic Cranial - head Spinal - Back Thoracic - Chest Pelvic - Pelvis (hip) Abdominal - Region between throrax & pelvic
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Transverse
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Plane that divides a structure into superior and inferior portions
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Frontal
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Pertaining to the forehead
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Sagittal Plane
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A plane or section that divides a structure into right and left portions
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Superior
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Above another part or is closer to the head
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Interior
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Below another body part or is toward the feet
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Anterior (Ventral)
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Toward the front
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Posterior (dorsal)
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Opposite of anterior
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Medial
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Middle
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Lateral
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Toward the side
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Proximal
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Closer to the trunk
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Distal
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Away
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Superficial
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Surface
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Deep
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Closer to the core
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The knee is _________ from the trunk
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Distal
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The heart lies ________ to the lungs
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Lateral
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Carbohydrates
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Organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Protein
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Nitrogen-containing organic compound of joined amino acid
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Lipids
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Fat, oil, or fatlike compound that usually includes fatty acids
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Nucleic Acids
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A molecule composed of bonded nucleotides; RNA or DNA
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Active Transport Processes
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Moves particles through membranes from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
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Simple Diffusion
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Passive Transport Ex: Exhcange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs
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Osmosis
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Passive Transport Ex: Distilled water entering a cell
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive Transport Ex: Movement of glucose through the cell membrane
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Endocytosis
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Active Transport Ex: Membrane forming vesicles containing liquid and dissolved particles
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Exocytosis
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Active Transport Ex: Secretion of certain hormones
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Cell Membrane
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Maintains integrity of cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell
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Endoplasmic Reiculum
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Transports materials within cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids
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Ribosomes
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Synthesis proteins
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Golgi Apparratus
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Packages protein molecules for transport and secretion
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Mitochondria
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Release energy from nutrient molecules and transform energy into usuable form
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Lysomes
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Digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells
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Peroxisomes
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House enzymes that catlyze diverse reactions
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Microfilaments & microtubules
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Support the cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm
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Centrosome
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Helps distribute chromosomes to new cellss during cell division
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Cilia
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Cilia propel fluid over cellular surfaces
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Flagella
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Enables a sperm cell to move
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Vesicles
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Contain & tranport various subsstances
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Nuclear Envelope
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Maintains integrity of nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
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Nucleolus
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Site of ribosome synthesis
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Chromatin
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Contain information for synthesizing proteins
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Histology
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Study of the structure and function of tissues
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How are tissues classified
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By similar cells and specialization to carry on a particular function
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Epithelial Tissue
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Protects, secretes, absorps and excretes
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Connective Tissue
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Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells Ex: Andipose Tissue & Dense Connective Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
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Movement
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Nervous Tissue
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Transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Involuntary movements of internal organs Lacks striations Located in the walls of hollow internal organs
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Voluntary movements of skeletal parts Striated Usually attached to bones
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Heart movements Striated Located in the heart muscle
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Nervous Tissue
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Sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses Located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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Skin
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Protective covering, helps regulate body temperature, retards water loss from deeper tissues, houses sensory receptors, sythesizes various biochemicals, and excretes small quantities of wastess
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Levers
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Rigid rod or bar Fulcrum or pivot on which the bar turns Object that is moved against resistance Force that supples energy for their movement of the bar
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What type of tissue is bone
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Epithal tissue
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Compact Bone
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Dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons with no spaces
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Spongy bone
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Bone that consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces; cancellous bone
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Types of Bone Cells
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Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts
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Osteocytes Bone Cells
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Mature Bone Cell
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Osteoclasts Bone Cells
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Cell that erodes bone
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Osteoblasts Bone Cells
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A bone forming cell
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Axial Skeleton
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Pertaining to the head, neck and trunk
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Pertaining to upper or lower limbs
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Joint
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Uinion of two or ore bones; articulation
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Ligament
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Cord or sheet of connective tissue binding two or more bones a t a joint
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Tendon
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Cordlike or banklike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone
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Primary function of Muscle Tissue
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To move body parts
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Deltoid Muscle
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In the shoulder Abducts the arm, extends or flexes humerus
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Pectoralis Major
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Origin: Clavicle, sternum, upper ribs Pulls arm anteriorly and across chest, rotates humerus, or abducts arm
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Biceps Brachii
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Origin: Coracoid process & tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula Flexes forearm at elbow and rotates hand laterally
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Triceps Brachii
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Origin: Tubercle below glenoid cavity and lateral and medial surfaces of humerus Extends forearm at elbow
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Rectus Abdominis
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Origin: Crest of pubis and symphysis pubis Tenses abdominal wall and compresses abdominal contents; also flexes vertebral column
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Adductor Longus
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Origin: Pubic bone near symphysis pubis Adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh laterally
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Sartorius
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Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Flexes leg & thigh, abducts thigh, rotates thigh laterally, and rotates leg medially
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Gastrocnemius
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Origin: Lateral & medial condyles of femur Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg at knee
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Hamstrings
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Origin: Ischial tuberosity and posterior surface of femur Flexes leg, extends thigh
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Quadriceps
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Extends leg at knee
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Origin: Spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae, ilia crest, and lower ribs Extends and adducts arm and rotates humerus inwardly, or pulls shoulder downward and posteriorly
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Trapezius
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Origin: Occipital bone and spines of cervical and thoracic vertebrae Rotates scapula and raises arm; raises scapula; pulls scapula medially or pulls scapula and shoulder downward
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Gluteus Maximus
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Origin: Sacrum, coccyx, and posterior surface of ilium Extends thigh
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Adductor Magnus
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Origin: Ischial Tuberosity Adducts, extends, and rotates thigh laterally
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Central Nervous System
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Consist of the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Consist of the connect the central nervous system to the other parts of the body
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Diencephalon
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Located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain. It surrounds the third ventricle and is composed largely of gray matter.
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Brainstem
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Portion of brain that includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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Cerebrum
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Portion of the brain that occupies the upper part of the cranial cavity and provides higher mental functions
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Cerebellum
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Portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle movement
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Retina
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Inner layer of the eye wall that contains the visual receptors
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Choroid Coat
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The vascular pigmented middle layer of the wall of the eye
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Sclera
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White fibrous outer layer of the eyeball
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Aqueous Humor
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Watery fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye
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Vitreous Humor
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Fluid between the lens and the retina of the eye
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Iris
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Colored, muscular portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil and regulates its size
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Optic Nerve
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Sensory fibers transmit impulses associated with the sense of vision.
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External Auditory Canal or External Acoustic MEatus
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Leads inward through the temporal bone
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Auricle (pinna)
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Outer funnel-like structure
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Incus
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One of three small bones in the middle ear called Auditory Ossicles
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Malleus
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One of three small bones in the middle ear called Auditory Ossicles
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Stapes
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One of three small bones in the middle ear called Auditory Ossicles
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Coclea
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Portion of inner ear that has hearing receptors
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Tympanic Membrane
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Middle Ear
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Rods
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Receptor that provides colorless vision
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Cones
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Color receptor in the retina of the eye
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Glaucoma
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Eye disorder that develops when the rate of aqueous humor formation exceeds the rate of its removal.
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Astigmatism
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Refractive area of the eye causing blurred vision
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Nearsightedness (myopia)
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Light entering the eye is focuse incorrectly
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Farsightedness (hyperopia)
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Greater difficulty seeing near objects
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Cataracts
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Eye disorder usually in older people in which the lens slowly becomes cloudy and opaque which if not treated can cause blindness
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Hormones
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Substance secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood.
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Endocrine System
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Cells, tissue, and organs, that secrete hormones.
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Pituitary Gland
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Located at the base of the brain where a pituitary stalk attaches it to the hypothalamus.
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Testes
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Gonads male reproductive gland
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Ovaries
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Female reproductive gland
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Thyroid Gland
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Vascular structure that consists of two large lobes connected by a broad isthmus
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Parathyroid Gland
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Posterior surface of the thyroid gland
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Parathyroid hormone
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Increases blood calcium concentration and decreases blood phospate ion concentration.
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Adrenal Glands
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Endocrine gland that is closely associated with the kiddneys.
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Pancreas
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Glandular organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes hormones and digestive enzymes
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Pineal Gland
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Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain consisting of anterior and posterior lobes
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Hypothalamus
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Portion of the brain below the thalamus and forming the floor of the thrird ventricle
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Thymus
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Glandular organ in the meiatinum behind the sternum and between the lungs
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Steroid Hormones
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Formed from cholesterol Ex: Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
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Amines
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Formed from Amino Acids Ex: Norepinephrine, epinephrine
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Peptides
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Formed from Amino Acids Ex: Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thryrotropin-releasing hormone
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Proteins
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Formed from Amino Acids Ex: Parthyroid hormone, growth hormone, prolactin
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Glycoproteins
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Formed from Protein and carbohydrate Ex: Follicle-stimulatine hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Characteristics of Life
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Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion
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Axial Portion of the body
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Head, neck & trunk
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Cranial Cavity
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Houses the skull
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Vertebral Canal
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Contains the spinal cord
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Abdominal Cavity
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Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys
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Pelvic Cavity
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Portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones
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Oral Cavity
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Teeth and tongue
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Nasal Cavity
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Located with the nose and divided into right and left portions by a a nasal septum
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Orbital Cavities
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Contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
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Append
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To hang something Pertaining to the limbs
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Cardi
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Heart Membrane that surrounds the hear
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Cran
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Cranial Pertaining to the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain
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Dors
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(back) Dorsal Position toward the back
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Homeo
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(same) Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
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-logy
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(study of) Physiology Study of body functions
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meta
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(change) Metabolism Chemical changes that occur within the body
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Pariet
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(wall) Parietal membrane Membrane that lines the wall of a cavity
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Pelv-
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(basin) Pelvic cavity Bsin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones
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Peri-
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(around) Pericardial Membrane Membrane that surrounds the heart
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Pleur-
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(rib) Pleural membrane Membrane that encloses the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
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-stasis
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(standing still) Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
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-tomy
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(cutting) anantomy Study of structure which often involves cutting or removing parts
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Mono-
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(one) Monosaccharide Compound whos molecules consist of a single saccharide unit
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Poly-
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(many) Polyunsaturated Molecule with many double bonds between its carbon atoms
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Saccar-
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(sugar) Monosaccharide Sugar molecule composed of a single saccharide unit
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Syn-
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(together) Synthesis Process by which chemicals join to form new types of chemicals
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Cyt-
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(cell) Cytoplasm Fluid (cytosol) and organelles that occupy the space between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope
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Endo-
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(within) Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex of membranous structures within gthe cytoplasm
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Hyper-
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(above) Hypertonic Solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than body fluids
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Hypo-
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(below) Hypotonic Solution that has a lesser osmotic pressure than body fluids
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Inter-
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(between) Interphase Stage that occurs between mitotic divisions of a cell
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Iso-
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(equal) Isotonic Solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
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Mit-
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(thread) Mitosis Process of cell division when threadlike chromosomes become visible within a cell
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Phag-
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(to eat) Phagocytosis Process by which a cell takes in solid particles
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Pino-
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(to drink) Pinocytosis Process by which a cell takes in tiny droplets of liquid
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-Som
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(body) Ribosomes Tiny, sperical structure taht consists of protein and RNA
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Adip-
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(fat) Adipose Tissue Tissue that stores fat
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Chondr-
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(cartilage) Chrondrocyte Cartilage cell
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-cyt
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(cell) Osteocyte Bone cell
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Epi-
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(upon) Epithelial Tissue Tissue that covers all free body surfaces
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-Glia
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(Glue) Neurological cells Cells that support neurons; part of nervous tissue
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Inter-
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(between) Intercalated Disc Band between adjacent cardiac muscle cells
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Macr-
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(large) Macrophage Large Phagocytic cell
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Os-
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(bone) Oseous Tissue Bone Tissue
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Pseud-
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(false) Pseudostratified Epithelium: Tissue with cells taht appear to be in layers, but are not
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Sqam-
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(scale) Squamous Epithelium Tissue with flattened or scalelike cells
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Strat-
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(layer) Stratified Epithelium Tissue with cells taht are in layers
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Accetabul-
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(vinegar cup) Actabulum Depression of the coxa that articulates with the thead of the femur
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Ax-
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(Axis) Axial Skeleton Upright portion of the skeleton that supports the head, neck and trunk
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-Blast
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(budding) Osteoblast Cell that will form bone tissue
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Carp-
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(wrist) Carpals Wrist bone
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-Clast
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(break) Osteoclast Cell that breaks down bone tissue
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Condyl-
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(knob) Condyle Rounded, bony process
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Corac-
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(a crow's beak)Coracoid Process Beaklike process of the scapula
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Cribr-
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(sieve) Cribriform Plate Portion of the ethmoid bone with many small openings
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Crist-
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(crest) Crista Galli Bondy rdige that projects upward into the cranial cavidty
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Fov-
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(pit) Fovea Captitis Pit in the head of a femur
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Glen-
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(joint socket) Glenoid Cavity Depression in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus
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Inter-
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(among, between) Intervertebral disc Structure located between adjacent vertebrae
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Intra-
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(inside) Intramembranous Bone Bone that forms within sheetlike masses of connective tissue
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Meat-
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(passage) Auitory Meatus Canal of the temporal bone that leads inward to parts of the ear
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Odont-
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(tooth) Odontoid Process Toothlike process of the second cervical vertebra
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Poie-
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(make, produce) Hematopoisis Process by which blood cells are formed
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Calat-
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(something inserted) Intercalated Disc Membranous band that connects cardiac muscle cells
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Erg-
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(work) Synergist Muscle that works with a prime move rto produce a movement
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Hyper-
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(over, more) muscular Hypertrophy Enlargement of muscle fibers
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Inter-
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(Between) Intercalated disc Membranous band that connects cardiac muscle cells
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Laten-
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(hidden) Latent Period Time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of a muscle contraction
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Myo-
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(muscle) Myofiril Contractile structure within a muscle cell
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Sacro-
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(flesh) Sarcoplasm Material (cytoplasm) within a muscle fiber
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Syn-
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(together) synergist Muscle that works with a prime mover to produce a movement
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Tetan-
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(stiff) tetanic contraction Sustained muscular contraction
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-troph
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(well fed) muscular Hypertrophy Enlargement of muscle fibers
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Ax-
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(Axle) Axon Cylindrical nerve fiber that carries impulses away from a neuron cell body
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Dendr-
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(tree) Dendrite Branched nerve cell process that serves as a receptor surface of a neuron
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Funi-
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(small cord or fiber) Funiculus Major nerve tract or bundle of myelinated nerve cell axons within the spinal cord
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Ganli
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(a swelling) Ganlion Mass of neuron cell bodies
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-Lemm
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(rind or peel) Nurilemma Sheath that surrounds the myelin of a nerve cell axon
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mening-
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(membrane) Meninges Membranous coverings of the spinal cord
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Moto-
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(moving) Motor neuron Neuron that stimulates a muscle oto contract of a gland to secrete
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Peri-
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(All around) Peripheral nervous System Portion of the nervous system that consist of nerves branching from the brain an dspinal cord
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Plex-
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(interweaving) Choroid Plexus Mass of specialized cappillaries associated with spaces in the brain
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Sens-
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(feeling) Sensory Neuron Sensory receptor that stimulates a neuron to conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord
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Syn-
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(together) Synapse Junction between two neurons
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Ventr-
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(belly or stomach) Ventricle Fluid filled space within the brain
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Choroid
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(skinlike) Chroid Coat Middle vascular layer of the eye
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Cochlea
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(snail) Cclea Coiled tube in the inner ear
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Iris
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(rainbow) Iris Colored muscular part of the eye
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Labyrinth
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(maze) Labyrinth Complex system of connecting chambers and tubes of the inner ear
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Lacri-
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(tears) Lacrimal Gland Tear gland
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Macula
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(spot) Macula Lutea Yellowish spot on the retina
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Olfact-
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(to smell) Olfactory Pertaining tot he sense of smell
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Scler-
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(hard) Sclera Tough, outer protective layer of the eye
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Tympan-
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(drum) Typanic Membrane Eardrum
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Vitre-
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(glass) Vitreous Humor Clear, jellylike substance within the eye
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-Crin
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(to secrete) Endocrine Pertaining to internal secretions
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Diuret-
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(to pass urine) Diuretic Substances that promotes urine production
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Endo-
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(within) Endocrine Gland Gland that release its secretions internally into a body fluid
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Exo-
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(outside) Exocrine Gland Gland that releases its secretion to the outside through a duct
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Hyper-
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(above) Hperthyroidism Condition resulting from an above normal secretion of thyroid hormone
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Hypo-
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(below) Hypothryroidism Condition resulting from a below-normal secretion of thyroid hormone
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Para-
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(beside) Parathyroid Glands Set of glands locate on the surface of the thyroid gland
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Toc-
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(birth) Oxcytocin Hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract during childbirth
