Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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What is the first step in the process by which epidermal cells are replaced?
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Basal cells in the stratum germinativum divide, adding in new daughter cells and pushing the cells above upward through the layers
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epidermal ridge
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responsible for increasing surface area to provide for the strength of attachment between the epidermis and dermis
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how long do skin cells last before being shed or sloughed off
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21-24 days
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the epidermal layer that consists almost entirely of keratin
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stratum corneum
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4 functions of the integumentary system
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protection of underlying tissue maintenance of body temp excretion of salts and wastes detection of sensations
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two components of the integumentary system are
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cutaneous membrane accessory structures
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The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are
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keratinocytes
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The tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum
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corneum
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Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the
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stratum corneum
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The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the
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epidermis
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________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system
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dendritic cells
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The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue
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keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the
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stratum basale
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melanocytes
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store melanin in melanosomes
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basal cell carcinoma
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skin cancer that is the most common but least dangerous
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ABCD cancer's key characteristics
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asymmetry border color diameter
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an albino individual lacks the ability to produce
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melanin
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melanin (4 things)
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is usually some shade of brown or black. is produced from the amino acid tyrosine. is produced by cells called melanocytes. protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation.
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Cyanosis signifies that a patient has
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oxygen-starved skin
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Jaundice is indicated by a(n) ________ skin coloration.
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yellowish
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Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of
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melanin
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The pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow is called
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carotene
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Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the
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stratum basale
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The skin appearance that results from dark-red hemoglobin is called
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cyanosis
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what are 4 effects of ultraviolet radiation
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-chromosomal damage in melanocytes -production of cholecalciferol within epidermal cells -reduced amounts of elastic fibers in the dermis -increased activity by melanocytes
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vitamin D
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formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight
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3 types of skin cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma
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rickets
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bone disorder that cause a bow in legs prevented by vitamin D and sunlight leads to weak bones usually in children
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Skin cancer that starts in the mitotically most active epidermal layer is called
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basal cell carcinoma
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function of epidermal growth factor (EGF)
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stimulating synthetic activity accelerating production of keratin stimulating epidermal repair stimulating secretion by epithelial glands
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major layers of skin (top to bottom)
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Epidermis Dermis (papillary then reticular) Hypodermis
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Which layers of the skin hold compressed blood vessels
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the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis
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reticular layer
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The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin
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elastin
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The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin
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Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed
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dematitis
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A bruise turns "black and blue" because of ________ in the dermis.
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broken blood vessels
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contusion
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a bruise
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what layer is targeted by liposuction
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hypodermis
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The skin can move easily over the underlying muscles because of the loose connective tissue within the __________.
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hypodermis
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cuticle
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The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair
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variations in hair color reflect differences in the piagment produced by
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melanocytes
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When the arrector pili muscles contract,
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"goose bumps" are formed
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secretes oil into the hair follicle
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sebaceous
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secrete a thick odorous secretion into the hair follicle
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apocrine
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Cerumen is produced by glands located in the __________.
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ear canal
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Merocrine sweat glands are most abundant in the __________.
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palms of the hands
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if body temperature rises above normal blood flow
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to the skin increases
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Merocrine sweat glands
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secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin
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nail production occurs at
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nail root
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steps to integument repair
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inflammatory phase migratory phase proliferation phase scarring phase
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inflammatory phase
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-bleeding occurs at the site of injury immediately after the injury -mast cells in the region trigger an inflammatory response
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migratory phase
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-a scab has formed and cells of the stratum basale are migrating along the edges of the wound -phagoctic cells are removing debris
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proliferation phase
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-the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the collagen fiber meshwork produced by fibroblast activity -phagoctic activity around site almost ended
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scarring phase
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-the scab has been shed -the epidermis is complete -there may been a shallow depression still
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abrasion
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damage to skin caused by scraping;
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In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.
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fibroblasts
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The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a ________ burn.
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third-degree
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A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a
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scab
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Why are the elderly more prone to skin infections?
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-Tissue repairs take longer. - they have a thinner epidermis. -They have fewer dendritic cells
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Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for water resistance?
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stratum corneum
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structures of the epidermis (bottom to top)
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stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum grandulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
