Anatomy 12-14 Wiley – Flashcards

When the threshold of voltage-gated channels is reached and voltage-gated channels open, the resulting change in membrane potential is known as a(n) transition state. induction mode. graded potential. action potential.

The principle which states that once an action potential begins, all of the output zone will depolarize and repolarize is known as the: cellular hysteresis principle. all-or-none principle. polarity principle. membrane integrity principle.

When a neurotransmitter attaches to a chemically-gated sodium channel, the sodium channel briefly opens to allow sodium ions to diffuse in. This action produces what type of graded potential? depolarizing graded potential polarizing graded potential repolarizing graded potential hyperpolarizing graded potential

If the accumulation of graded potentials in the trigger zone reaches threshold, the result is the cell is blocked from any further action. the cell membrane goes to its resting state. mechanically-gated channels must close. voltage-gated channels open.

What results in the depolarization of the cell membrane? Chemically-gated potassium channels open allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell causing the inside of the membrane to become more negative. Voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel negative charges on the inside of the membrane. Mechanically-gated channels open to allow potassium ions to diffuse into the cell causing the membrane to become more negatively charged inside. Voltage-gated potassium channels open allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell taking their positive charges with them.

If I can block neurotransmitters attaching to chemically-gated sodium channels, what will be the result? The cell will become hyperactive An action potential will not be produced The cell will die The cell will depolarize but not repolarize

The resting potential has the following characteristics: positive inside and negative outside. negative inside and positive outside. move more sodium inside and more potassium outside. none of these.

Myelinated axons are capable of salutatory conduction. This allows for more rapid action potential conduction because repolarization occurs only at the Nodes of Ranvier. repolarization occurs across the entire membrane. depolarization occurs across the entire membrane. depolarization occurs only at the Nodes of Ranvier.

A single mechanical or chemical stimuli will create a graded potential. an action potential. none of the above. all of these.

The nervous system: -works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. -communicates with the body via action potentials (nerve impulses). -is responsible for perceptions and behaviors. -initiates voluntary movements. -all of these are correct.

The autonomic nervous system is part of the PNS SNS CNS All of these choices

The dendrites of a neuron -are the main receiving region of a neuron -secrete neurotransmitters -conduct impulses toward another neuron -do not carry potentials, only axons do

At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal towards the synapse is called the _______ neuron. presynaptic postsynaptic axodendritic axoaxonic

Carefully study the diagram below. The situation in the diagram is most likely: 1 spatial summation 2 temporal summation 1 only 2 only neither of these choices

Serotonin is an example of a(n) ________________ neurotransmitter biogenic amine amino acid catecholamine neuropeptide

Which is NOT part of the central nervous system? brain spinal cord pyramidal cell spinal nerve astrocyte

Which is NOT a sensory function of the nervous system? -to detect a drop in external temperature -to detect an increase in blood pH -to cause a muscle to contract -to send information to the central nervous system -to send information to the spinal cord

Which is NOT true about the central nervous system? -it excludes cranial nerves and ganglia -it is the source of thoughts and emotions -it includes tracts that run in the spinal cord -it includes sensory receptors -it includes clusters of neuronal cell bodies called nuclei

The somatic nervous system -provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles. -provides motor neurons to cardiac muscle. -provides motor neurons to the stomach and intestines. -is dependent upon the autonomic system for control. -includes motor neurons to muscle within blood vessels.

Which of the following is NOT classified as a small molecule neurotransmitter? acetylcholine aspartate substance P adenosine triphosphate norepinephrine

Where are the spinal meninges located? 1. covering the brain 2. covering the vertebral column 3. covering the spinal cord 1 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 & 3 only 1 & 3

The space between the middle layer of the meninges and the deepest layer of the meninges is: epidural space epiarachnoid space subdural space subarachnoid space subpia space

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: filum terminale lumbar enlargement conus medullaris cauda equina spinal root

Intercostal nerves originate primarily from which area of the spine: cervical thoracic and lumbar thoracic lumbar sacral

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? -It is a polysynaptic reflex. -It involves an inhibitory interneuron. -An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex. -It is an ipsilateral reflex.

Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation: -contraction of antagonist with simultaneous relaxation of agonist -contraction of agonist with delayed relaxation of antagonist -relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist -simultaneous relaxation of agonist and antagonist -simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist

Which of the following contains cerebrospinal fluid? epidural space subdural space subarachnoid space

The spinal cord is enclosed within the transverse foramen vertebral foramen intervertebral foramen cauda equina filum terminale

A structure that contains a network of axons from several anterior rami is known as a ramus thoracic nerve tract plexus ganglion

Sensory and motor tracts within the spinal cord -are separated into sensory tracts on the right and motor tracts on the left side of the spinal cord -have names that indicate the location of the initiation and termination of the nerve impulses they conduct -are located in the gray matter -all of these choices are correct

A reflex -may activate skeletal muscles -may activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands -may be for protection -may regulate homeostasis -all are correct

Which of the following is the sequence of the transmission of signals of a reflex arc integration center, sensory receptor, sensory neuron, effector, motor neuron sensory neuron, sensory receptor, integration center, motor neuron, effector sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector integration center, sensory neuron, sensory receptor, effector, motor neuron effector, sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron

Which reflex protects a muscle and tendon from damage due to developing excess tension (e.g. causing you to drop a heavy load) stretch reflex tendon reflex flexor reflex withdrawal reflex

An example of a monosynaptic reflex pathway is the tendon reflex flexor reflex stretch reflex crossed extensor reflex

The spinal cord is held in place by the -conus medullaris and cauda equina -filum terminale and denticulate ligaments -pia mater and choroid plexus -ascending and descending tracts

Which of the following reflexes is contralateral? flexor stretch crossed extensor tendon

Reflexes are -fast -automatic -unplanned -integrated in the brain stem or spinal cord -all are correct

Which of the following statements is incorrect? -The anterior gray horn, posterior gray horn and lateral gray horns contain myelinated fibers. -The anterior and posterior gray horns divide the white matter into columns. -The white matter of the spinal cord contains tracts. -Sensory tracts carry information to the brain. -Motor tracts carry information away from the brain.

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? -astrocytes play a primary role -it consists mainly of gap junctions -it prevents passage of possible therapeutic drugs -it allows easy passage of lipid-soluble substances -it prevents the flow of proteins across it

The term 'decussation' means: to split in half control of movement a form of sensory input crossing swallowing

Which statement about the cerebellum is true? tracts of gray matter within it are called arbor vitae the cerebellar peduncles attach it to the cerebrum the cerebellar lobes are also called tentorium cerebelli its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function the sagittal fissure separates it from the cerebrum

Which of the following is true of the thalamus? it is the major relay center for just motor impulses it is a component of the diencephalon it precisely locates sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and sound the external capsule connects the thalamus with the cerebral cortex

Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei? control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles influence attention, memory and planning help initiate and terminate movements assist in regulating emotional behaviors all of these choices are functions of the basal nuclei

Which component of the brain is referred to as the "emotional brain" as it plays primary role in a wide range of emotions? basal ganglia frontal lobe of the cerebrum corpus callosum limbic system cerebral cortex

The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain? frontal occipital parietal flocculonodular posterior

The brain requires an almost continuous supply of oxygen and fatty acids oxygen and glucose protein and glucose oxygen and protein

Which is NOT true about the blood-brain barrier? it is created in part by tight junctions between endothelial cells it is maintained by astrocytes it prevents some materials from entering the brain from the blood it is created in part by a thick basement membrane it is created in part by the end feet of oligodendroglia

Which area is responsible for the head and eye movement in response to visual stimuli? substantia nigra inferior colliculus superior colliculus thalamus cerebellar peduncles

The white matter of the cerebellum is known as the tentorium cerebelli flocculomotor lobe arbor vitae cerebellar peduncle

Functions of the cerebellum include smooth and coordinate skilled muscle activity detect problems in carrying out voluntary muscle activity and correct them regulation of balance and posture all of these choices are functions of the cerebellum

The thalamus -relays sensory information to correct regions of the cerebral hemispheres -relays motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the cerebrum -plays a role in consciousness -consists of a pair of oval masses -all of these choices are correct

The hypothalamus -produces hormones -plays a major role in regulating homeostasis, visceral activity and temperature -regulates certain emotions like rage, sexual arousal, aggression, pain and pleasure -regulates eating and drinking behavior -all are correct

Which part of the hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland? the mammillary region the infundibulum the supraoptic region the Preoptic region

White matter that conducts impulses between gyri in the left cerebral hemisphere are commissural tracts projection tracts association tracts decussating tracts All are correct

If a person has damage to the visual association area, he/she will -not be able to see -see, but be unable to understand what he/she is viewing -not be able to remember visual experiences from the past, like the color of his/her first car

Which of the following is a function of the vagus nerve? it supplies cardiac muscle and decreases heart rate it carries taste and somatic sensation from the epiglottis and pharynx it carries information about blood pressure, blood pH and stretch in respiratory structures it controls the muscles involved in swallowing, coughing and voice production all of these choices are functions of the vagus nerve