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Emergency

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a situation requiring immediate action.

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First aid

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Information and skills so that you will recognize and respond to any emergency appropriately by knowing how to give care to a person with an injury or sudden illness until more advanced care can be obtained.

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Injury

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Damage to the body from an external force.

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Sudden illness

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A physical condition requiring immediate medical attention.

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Life-threatening emergency

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An illness or injury that impairs a person's ability to circulate oxygenated blood to all the parts of his or her body.

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Non-life-threatening

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A situation that does not have an immediate impact on a person's ability to circulate oxygenated blood but still requires medical attention.

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(EMS) Emergency Response System

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A network of community resources and medical personnel that provides emergency care to people who have been injured or are experiencing sudden illness.

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Lay responders

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A layperson a person who does not have special or advanced training but who recognizes an emergency and decides to act.

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Recognizing an emergency

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Unusual noises, sights, odors, appearances and or behaviors.

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Barriers to Act

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Panic or fear of doing something wrong Being unsure if the person's condition and what to do Assuming someone else will take action Type of injury or illness Fear of catching a disease Fear of being sued Being unsure when to call 911 or the local emergency number

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Good Samaritan Laws

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Laws that protect people who willingly give first aid without accepting anything in return.

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6 ways a bystander can help at the scene of an emergency

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Bystanders can help at the scene of an emergency by calling & then meeting and directing the ambulance, keeping the area free of unnecessary traffic, or giving first aid. Bystanders can go for additional supplies or give comfort to others on the scene. Bystanders may be able to give you important information about the person or what happened.

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Is immediate danger involved

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Do not move a seriously injured person unless there is immediate danger involved.

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Signals of life-threatening injuries

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Unconsciousness Trouble breathing, Absence of bleeding. Severe bleeding.

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When to call 911 first before giving care

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An unconscious adult or adolescent age 12 or older. A witnessed sudden collapse of a child (1-12 years of age) or infant under 1. An unconscious child or infant known to have heart problems.

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Care first, provide 2 minutes if care, then call911

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An unconscious person younger than 12 years of age who you did NOT see collapse. Any person who had a drowning incident.

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First aid guidelines

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Child=someone between the ages of 1 and 12. Infant=someone younger than 1. Adult=someone about age 12 (adolescent) or older.

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What information you or a bystander should have when calling 911

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Exact location of the emergency (address, house number, mile marker, landmarks, name of town, cross streets) Telephone number and address where call is being made. Caller's name. What happened Number of people involved . Person's condition and care being given

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Emergency action steps- the three basic steps you should take in any emergency.

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Check - the scene and the person. Call- 911 or the local emergency number. Care - for the person.

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Top priority in an emergency situation

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Ensure your own safety

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Disease transmission

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The passage of a disease from one person to another.

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Pathogen

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Bacteria or virus

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How Bloodborne pathogens spread

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A pathogen is present. There is sufficient quantity of the pathogen present to cause disease. The pathogen passes through the correct entry site. A person is susceptible to the pathogen.

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Direct contact transmission

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Mode of transmission of pathogens that occurs through directly touching infected blood or body fluids, or other agents such as chemicals, drugs or toxins.

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Indirect contact transmission

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Mode of transmission of pathogens that occurs when a person touches objects that have the blood or body fluids of an infected person and that infected blood or body fluids enters the body through a correct entry site.

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Standard precautions

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Safety measures taken to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids when giving care to injured or ill person's assumes that all body fluids secretions and excretions except sweat or potentially effective

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Personal protective equipment

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The equipment and supplies that help prevent the responder from directly contacting infected materials includes gloves, gowns, masks, shields, and protective eyewear

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To obtain consent

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Identify yourself to the . Give your level of training. Ask the person whether you may help. Explain what you observe. Explain what you plan to do.

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Expressed consent

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Permission to receive emergency care granted by a competent adult either verbally or nonverbally, or by gestures also referred to as consent. If the person is a child or infant consent to give care must come from the parent or guardian. If the person refuses care or withdrawals consent at anytime you should still call 911.

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Implied consent

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Legal concept that assumes a person would consent to receive emergency care if he or she were physically able or old enough to do so. This includes people who are unconscious or unable to respond confused mentally impaired seriously injured or seriously ill.

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Refusal of care

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The declining of care by competent person the person has the right to refuse the care of anyone who responds to an emergency .

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Abandonment

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Ending the care of an injured or ill person without obtaining that person's consent or without ensuring that someone with equal or greater training will continue care. Once you have started emergency care you are legally obligated to continue that care until a person with equal or higher training relieves you, you are physically unable to continue or the person refuses care

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One of the most dangerous threats to a seriously injured or ill person

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Unnecessary movement

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You should move the person only when you can do so safely and only in one of the following situations

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When you're faced with immediate danger such as fire lack of oxygen risk of explosion or a collapsing structure. when you have to get to another person who may have a more serious problem. If the surface or space is inadequate. Example if the person was on a bed CPR must be given on a flat firm surface

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The following limitations to moving one or more persons quickly and safely

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Any dangerous condition at the scene The size of the person. The distance the person must be moved. Your physical ability. whether other bystanders can help you. the person's condition any aids or equipment to facilitate moving the person at the scene

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Guidelines when moving a person to protect yourself and the person

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Use your legs not your back when you bend. Bend at the knees and hips and avoid twisting your body. Maintain a firm grip on the person. walk forward when possible taking small steps and looking where you were going. avoid twisting or bending anyone with a possible head neck or spinal injury. Do not move a person who is too large to move comfortably.

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The six common types of emergency moves that can be done by one or two people and with minimal to no equipment

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Walking assist - The most basic emergency move. One or two responders can use this method with a conscious person. Two person seat carry - Pack-strap carry Clothes drag - can be used to move a conscious or unconscious person suspected of having a head neck or spinal injury. Blanket drag - used to move the person is an emergency situation when equipment is limited Ankle drag - to move a person who is too large to carry or move in any other way.

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Cells

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The basic units to combine to form all living tissue

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Tissues

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A collection of similar cells acting together to perform specific body functions

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Organ

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A structure of similar tissues acting together to perform specific body functions.

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Vital organs

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Those organs who's functions are essential to life including the brain heart and lungs.

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Anatomy

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The study of body structures

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Musculoskeletal system

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Provides protection to organs and structures of other body systems muscle action is controlled by the nervous system.

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Epiglottis

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Leaf shaped structure folds down over the top of the trachea during swallowing to prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea

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Physiology

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How living organisms function example movement and reproduction

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Body system

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A group of organs and other structures that work together to carry out specific functions

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Respiratory system

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Works with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to cells is under the control of the nervous system

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Circulatory system

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Works for the respiratory system to provide oxygen to cells works in conjunction with urinary and digestive.

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Nervous system

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Regulates all the body systems through a network of nerve cells and nerves. The most complex and delicate system.

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Integumentary system

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Helps to protect the body from disease producing organisms, A group of organs and other structures that protect the body retain fluids and help to prevent infection. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

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Endocrine system

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Secretes hormones and other substances into the blood and on to the skin

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Digestive system

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Breaks down food into a usable form to supply the rest of the body with energy, absorb nutrients and eliminate waste.

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Genitourinary system

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Performs the processes of reproduction and also the urinary system which eliminates waste producers that are filtered and excreted from the blood. Assists in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

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Anatomical differences in children and infants compared with adults

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Structures are smaller. Primarily breathe through her nose especially infants. Tongue takes up proportionately more space in the . Presence of baby teeth. Face shape and news or flatter.

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Shock

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A progressive failure of the body systems. Results from the inability of the circulatory system to provide oxygenated blood to all parts of the body especially the vital organs.

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Signals of shock

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Restlessness or irritability Altered level of consciousness Nausea or vomiting Pale ash and or grey-ish cool moist skin Rapid breathing and pulse Excessive thirst

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Aspirate

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Inhale blood vomit saliva or other foreign materials into the lungs

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Head-tilt/chin-lift technique

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Technique used to open a persons airway by pushing down on the forehead while pulling up on the bony part of the jaw. Moves the tongue away from the back of the throat.

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Stoma

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A surgical opening created in the front of the neck following surgery on the trachea to allow a person to breath.

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Checking an unconscious person after 911 is called

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Has an open airway. Is breathing normally. Is bleeding severely.

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Breathing

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Look listen and feel for breathing for no more than 10 seconds. If it unconscious child or infant is not breathing and you did not witness the sudden collapse of the infant or child give two rescue breaths if you didn't witness the sudden collapse assume cardiac emergency do not give two rescue breaths.

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Agonal breath

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Irregular gasping or shallow breath do not confuse with normal breathing treat as if not breathing at all

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Rescue breath

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Open the airway using the head tilt chin lift technique and give two rescue breaths each rescue breath should last about one second and make the chest clearly rise. Tilt the head and lift the chin open the airway use a breathing barrier if available pinch the nose blowing for one second to make the chest rise.

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Gastric distention

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Air in the stomach can be serious because it can cause a person to vomit Common causes are breathing into a person with too much force, breathing too quickly, breathing into the person for longer than one second per breath.

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Mouth to nose breathing

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The persons jaw or mouth may be injured or your mouth may be too small.

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Drowning victims

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If you are alone you should give two minutes of care before calling 911 for an unconscious person who has been submerged.

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H.A.I.N.E.S ( High arm in endangered spine recovery position

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Should be used in a situation where you were alone and have to leave the person or you cannot maintain an open and clear airway because of fluids or vomit For an infant carefully position infant facedown along your forearm support the infants head and neck with your other hand well keep in infants now the news clear keep the head and neck slightly lower than the chest

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Checking a conscious person

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Introduce yourself get the person's consent to give care and attempt to find out what happened. Check for life-threatening conditions, breathing or severe bleeding and give care as needed. Interview the person and bystanders checking the person from head to toe. Ask what happened? Ask do you feel pain or discomfort anywhere? Do you have any allergies or do you have any medical conditions or are you taking any medications. Ask the person to rate his or her pain on a scale of 1 to 10

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Checking the person from head to toe

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Do not move any areas where there is pain or discomfort. Check the person's head by examining the scalp face ears mouth and nose. Look for cuts bruises bumps or depressions. Watch for changes in consciousness notice of the person is drowsy or confused. Look for changes in the person's breathing. When you examine a child or infant you'd salmon from toes to head.

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Care for a conscious person

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Do you no further harm. Monitor the person's level of consciousness and breathing. Help the person rest in the most comfortable position. Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated. Comfort and reassure the person but do not provide false hope. Give any specific care as needed

American Red Cross Responding to Emergencies (chapters 1-5) – Flashcards

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