American History Chapter 21 – Flashcards
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Jim Crow laws
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laws that aimed at separating the races
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3 reasons WWII was important for civil rights
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1. demand for soldiers created a shortage of workers 2. one million African Americans served in the arm forces 3. civil rights organizations campaigned during this time and challenged Jim Crow laws. Roosevelt prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and all companies involved with war work.
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Morgan v. Virginia
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declared unconstitutional those state laws mandating segregated seating on interstate buses
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Brown v. Board of Education
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struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the 14th amendments' equal protection clause
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Brown II
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second supreme court ruling that ordered school desegregation implemented with all deliberate speed.
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Little Rock Nine
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nine African-American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock's Central High School
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Rosa Parks
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a seamstress and an NAACP officer - refused to give her seat up for a white male
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bus boycott
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Marin Luther King Jr. lead
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King's resistance
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- nonviolent resistance - soul force - sit-in and boycotts
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SCLC
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Southern Christen Leadership Conference - lead to the organizing of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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sit-ins
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protesters sate sown at segregated places and refused to move
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freedom riders
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Bus riders who an organized bus trip across the south to fight bus segregation, their buses were bombed and police attacked with violent
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James Meredith
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air force veteran, won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll in the the all-white University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) -reaction: riots and violence
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Birmingham
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- known for segregation and violence - MLK lead protests and arrested - 2 "Chilren Crusades" - the children arrested and attacked by police dogs and high powered water hoses. This stunned the country.
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March to Washington
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- 250,000 total people, 75,000 whites
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I have a dream...
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- speech given by MLK on the the Lincoln Memorial - after speech more violence: 4 girls killed with a bomb, 2 died due to violence soon after, JKF assassinated
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin and gender. Gave all citizens the right to enter into any public place
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Neshoba County, MS
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the county in Mississippi were 3 civil rights volunteers disappeared, the KKK were responsible for the murders
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de facto segregation
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segregation by practice and custom - "white flight"
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de jure segregation
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segregation by law
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Malcom X
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- Islamic minister and follower of the Nation of Islam - preached the whites were the cause of the black condition - advocated armed self-defense - people turned to more violence - "Black Power" and "Black Panthers"
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MLK's assassination
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- April 4, 1968 - shot by James Earl Ray - Memphis, TN
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response to MLK's death
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- the worst urban rioting
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Affirmative Action
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making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination
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legacy of Civil Rights
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- increased African American college enrollment - increased African American pride - colleges offered "Black Studies" - African American appeared on TV and movies more frequently - increased African American voters
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set the stage for the movement
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WWII
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south's responce to Brown v. the Board of Education
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the southern states did little to enforce the ruling
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Freedom Summer
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the summer of 1964, volunteers went into Mississippi to help register voters, 3 workers were killed
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New political party
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the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), tried to gain seats in the Mississippi Democratic Party
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Selma Campaign
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Selma, Alabama, registered 2000 voters - Jimmy Lee Jackson murdered - MLK organized a march - police violence captured on TV - MLK organized another march - 25,000 people - LBJ passes Voting Rights Act of 1965
