Advantage of Sexual Reproduction Terms Aiman – Flashcards

(genetics) a combining of genes or characters different from what they were in the parents...happens with crossing over. MORE GENETIC VARIATION woo hoo! (Essence of sex in biology)

Creates individuals that have genotypes different from either parents. Siblings different in genotype from one another.

Creates more genetic variation in the offspring

Creates more genetic variation in the offspring

Form gametes that are the same in size and form. Ex: algae, fungi

Form gametes that vary is size and form. Females produce gametes that are larger than men. So they put more energy into producing that, therefore they are the choosy mate.

Species that produce both egg and sperm (many plants, for example. Many can self-mate, some have to mate w/ other individuals). NOT CLONING...offspring arent clones of the one parent. Many are sequentially hermaphroditic.

First male-then female

First female then male

Individual can only produce egg/sperm

Some plants or animals can also produce genetically identical individuals by budding or fission. Some offspring, such as California whiptail lizards, never engage in sexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction in plants. The asexual production of seeds. Results in offspring that are genetically identical to mother.

Asexual reproduction in animals. Producing diploid eggs asexually . Results in offspring that are genetically identical to mother. Some offspring, such as California whiptail lizards, never engage in sexual reproduction...they reproduce only by parthogenesis.

Aphids, for example: go through many generations of asexual reproduction followed by one generation of sexual reproduction.

In mammals and birds, sex is determined by genotype (genetic). Bees, ants, and wasps: males haploid, females diploid (genetic). Crocodiles and turtles: determined by temperature during a critical period of development (environmental).

Self-fertilization occuers when a female gamete is fertilized by a male gamete from the same individual. Siblings produced by self-fertilization have genotypes that differ from one another and from their parent. In constrast, offspring from parthogenesis or apomixes are identical to one another and to their parent.

asexual individuals leave twice as many offspring as sexual individuals; reduction in reproductive output because of sex.

-Sexual reproduction leads to more genetically diverse offspring more quickly, and they are able to survive and adapt better -Sexually reproducing species are able to eliminate deleterious mutations more efficiently (because of recombination/crossing over)

Some features of plants and animals have secondary sexual characteristics that may seem maladaptive, and this cant be explained by natural selection. This is because the struggle for existence was both a struggle to survive with a struggle to reproduce.

male-male competition female choice

-Within group dominance -Female defense polygyny -Territorial polygyny -Lekking

Resource based: female chooses male that bring the most resources (ex: spermatophores) Non resource based: Female chooses male based on some inherent qualities of the male (Ex: good genes)

Genetically diverse species (ex: as a result of sexual reproduction) are able to adapt more rapidly

Explained by anisogomy...females put in more energy to producing eggs so they are choosier in picking a male to fertilize them. Sexual selection results from a struggle among males for access to females.

-Eggs are expensive to produce relative to sperm -Internal fertilization and carrying young to term is costly (uses a lot of energy)

When their contributions exceed the cost of making eggs Also, have a chance of mating with multiple females is small (many females, fewer males)

Groups of males that females visit only for the purpose of mating. -Are that males aggregate only for courtship and not associated with females -Display sites of males contain to significant resources to females -Females have the ability to choose, or shop among available males.

Females gained preferences for mates then males adapted to fit those preferences. States that latent preferences in females are used by males to gain greater reproductive success. Two examples: 1) evolution of chuck call in Physaleumus frogs 2) swords evolved after the female preference for swords evolved

-Mate w/ correct species -Better fertilization ability -Provides more food -Better parental ability -Better breeding territory or defended resource -Lower risks or hazards -Partner offers higher heritable viability of other heritable qualities that are important

Females choose mate which offer high quality genes influencing survival Mate quality is indicated by a secondary trait Secondary trait must be heritable No low or high cost to males bearing the trait

-Lower predation risk for males and females -Passive attraction more males is better -Hotspot model (males congregate in areas where females are most likely to stop by) -Black hole model (females arent choosy but want to avoid dangers associated w/ mating) -Hotshot model: females choose the best male. Poor males congregate near good males in the hopes of increasing their chances.

-Lower predation risk for males and females -Passive attraction more males is better -Hotspot model (males congregate in areas where females are most likely to stop by) -Black hole model (females arent choosy but want to avoid dangers associated w/ mating) -Hotshot model: females choose the best male. Poor males congregate near good males in the hopes of increasing their chances.

-Lower predation risk for males and females -Passive attraction more males is better -Hotspot model (males congregate in areas where females are most likely to stop by) -Black hole model (females arent choosy but want to avoid dangers associated w/ mating) -Hotshot model: females choose the best male. Poor males congregate near good males in the hopes of increasing their chances.