abnormal test 2: mood disorders – Flashcards

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question
A 35-year-old individual named Manny has recently formulated an elaborate plan to cure AIDS with vitamin therapy. To provide funding for this cause, he has withdrawn all the money from his bank account and purchased thousands of jars of vitamins and small boxes in which to put them. When he appeared at a hospital emergency room loudly demanding names of patients with AIDS, he himself was hospitalized for psychiatric observation. What of the following is Manny experiencing?​
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manic episode
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A hypomanic episode refers to​
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A shorter and less severe form of a manic episode with less impairment in functioning
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All of the following are risk factors for suicide EXCEPT
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a. a sense of hopelessness. b. a shameful or humiliating experience. *(c. a vague suicidal fantasy without detailed plans.) d. ​previous suicide attempt(s)
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Which of the following statements about suicide is correct?
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*a. ​For college students, suicide is the second leading cause of death. b. The suicide rate is high among African Americans but low among Native Americans. c. The suicide rate among adolescents in the U.S. is decreasing. d. Females are more likely than males to die from suicide.
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Although the mood-stabilizing drug lithium is the preferred treatment for bipolar disorder, patient compliance has been a problem. Patients often stop taking their lithium, even though it is effective in stabilizing their moods, because they
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miss the euphoric feelings that mania produces.
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According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a ________ vulnerability to depression.​
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cognitive
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Which of the following symptoms characterize a manic episode?​
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*a. Irritability b. Feelings of guilt c. Loss of energy d. ​Anhedonia
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Mood disorders can take on many forms; one of the most severe, involving repeated episodes of extremely low mood,is referred to as​
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major depressive disorder
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Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis, which means that​
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when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities
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At various times, Cynthia, a 20-year-old college student, has always been considered by her family and/or friends to be moody, high-strung, explosive, or hyperactive. Knowing the criteria for mood disorders, you would diagnose Cynthia with​
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cyclothymia.
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Jane is diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder. You can expect that she will experience​
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hypomanic episodes
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All of the following are side effects of lithium therapy EXCEPT
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a. ​toxicity. b. ​lowered thyroid functioning. *c. ​weight loss. d. ​lack of energy.
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Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) helps depressed patients resolve relationship problems. All of the following issues are a possible focus of IPT EXCEPT
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*a. ​negative thinking. b. ​deficits in social skills. c. ​marital conflict. d. death of a loved one.
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Although the glorification and romanticizing of suicide in the media contributes to the incidence of copycats, it is more likely that the person copying the suicide is
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vulnerable due to an existing psychological disorder.
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Which of the following is NOT usually a component of a major depressive episode?​
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a. Change in appetite b. Altered sleep patterns *c. Flight of ideas d. Feelings of worthlessness
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In terms of the etiology of mood disorders, research has shown that​
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environmental stress plays a larger role in causing depression in men than in women.
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Recent research suggests that​
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b. electroconvulsive therapy seems to produce neurogenesis in the hippocampus. c. low hippocampal volume may precede and contribute to the onset of depression. d. the suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is due to the connection between high stress hormones and depression.
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The presence of medical illnesses or symptoms of dementia can make the diagnosis of depression difficult in​
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the elderly
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The idea that individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk, stressful environments reflects the​
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reciprocal gene-environment model
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Some possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women relate to the disadvantages experienced by women in the United States, such as​
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a. discrimination and poverty. b. abuse and sexual harassment.
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Which of the following statements reflects the current thinking on the issue of the relationship between mood disorders and suicide?
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Suicide is often associated with psychological disorders, especially depression.
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Although ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) has been a controversial issue for decades, it is an effective treatment for depression, especially when
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​patient response to antidepressant medication is poor.
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The physical or somatic symptoms of a major depressive disorder include​
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changes in appetite or weight.
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Manic episodes alternate with depressive episodes in the disorder called​
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bipolar disorder
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Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode?​
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Grandiosity
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Regarding Beck's views on depression, which of the following definitions of cognitive errors and negative schema is NOT correct? a. In a self-blame schema, depressed individuals feel personally responsible for every bad thing that happens. b. Arbitrary inference means that a depressed individual emphasizes the positive rather than the negative aspects of a situation. c. ​In a negative self-evaluation schema, depressed individuals believe that they can never do anything correctly. d. Overgeneralization occurs when a small error is magnified to mean something much more significant.
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b. ​Arbitrary inference means that a depressed individual emphasizes the positive rather than the negative aspects of a situation.
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Symptoms of severe depression are generally NOT considered a psychological disorder when they are associated with​
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a grief reaction
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Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mood disorders?​
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An individual experiencing manic symptoms can also be depressed or anxious.
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When referring to the mood disorders called cyclothymia and dysthymia, it would be accurate to say that an individual with cyclothymia probably​
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would be considered "moody"
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central indicators of a full major depressive episode?
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extremely depressed mood state that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms (feeling worthless and indecisiveness), and disturbed physical functions (altered sleeping patterns, weight change, loss of energy).
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what behaviors are considered somatic/vegetative?
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physical changes: altered sleeping patterns, weight change, loss of energy.
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anhedonia
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loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any "fun"
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how is hypomania different from mania?
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mania: individuals find extreme pleasure in every activity; become hyperactive, require little sleep, develop grandiose plans, believe they can accomplish anything. GOAL-DIRECTED ACTIVITY hypomania: less severe version of a mania episode that doesn't cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and don't last as long.
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how many lifetime episodes of major depressive are typical?
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4 to 7
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what percent of college aged people have MDD?
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24%
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how is Persistent depressive disorder different from MDD?
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the course is different. lasts at least 2 years, going no more than 2 months without symptoms.
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which is more severe PDD or MDD?
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PDD, higher rates of comorbidity and other mental disorders, less responsive to treatment, slower rate of improvement over time.
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double depression
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individuals with both PDD and MDD with fewer symptoms
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what percent of pure dysthymic (fewer symptoms) end up with MDD
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22%
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onset of MDD
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30 years old
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onset of PDD
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21 years old
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characteristics of early onset PDD
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1. greater chronicity (it lasts longer) 2. relatively poor prognosis (response to treatment) 3. stronger likelihood of the disorder running in the family.
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what percent of bereaved end up with complicated grief disorder?
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7%
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how many women experience PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder)
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2-5%
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what are the characteristics of DMDD (disruptive mood dysregulation disorder)
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-severe recurrent temper -temper outburst are inconsistent with developmental level -outbursts happen a lot
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which mood disorders are new to the DSM-5
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PMDD and DMDD
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how are bipolar disorders different in terms of age of onset compared to MDD?
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significantly lower than MDD
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which is more severe, bipolar I or II?
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bipolar I (manic episodes), bipolar II is hypomanic episodes
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common consequence of bipolar
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suicide
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highest prevalence mood disorder
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MDD
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lifetime prevalence and sex differences for mood disorders
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women twice as likely than men.
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what age is the highest suicide rate?
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young adults
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how common is depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the U of A student group NCHAA
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depression: 12.1% anxiety: 19.7% suicidal ideation: 8.6% suicide attempts: 1.5%
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***identify 5 risk factors for suicide, particularly in a college age sample.***
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1. stressful life event (school) 2. alcohol use 3. preexisting psychological disorder 4. depressed parent 5. not knowing what to do with their life
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