question

Criteria for being abnormal

answer

1) Norm violation - view of human behavior as right or wrong; behavior is socially unacceptable, strange, or deviates from society's standards (Drapetomania) 2) Statistical rarity - abnormal behavior as statistical deviation; behavior is unusual (statistically infrequent) 3) Personal discomfort - causes person distress or harm 4) Maladaptive behavior - prevents the demands of life from being met; impairs one's ability to function adequately in important areas of life 5) Faulty perceptions of reality

question

Base rate

answer

Commonality of a behavior or thought

question

Harmful dysfunction

answer

Integrative approach, disorder should include both factual (objective) and value (subjective) component -Dysfunction - failure of internal mechanism to perform a natural function for which it was designed (bio) -Harm - consequences that occur to the person bc of the dysfunction -Manifestation of psych is a product of incorrect biology → behavioral manifestation of disorder

question

Disease

answer

Departure from normal bodily structure and function, which includes: -Identifiable etiology (meaning causes) -Identifiable pathophysiology (meaning functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury, like thyroid issues causing obesity) -Identifiable signs and symptoms -Identifiable course

question

What does terminology affect?

answer

o Credibility o Stigma o Prognosis o Treatment o Public perceptions o Policy o Patient care

question

Medical model

answer

Psychological disorders are comparable to disease Biogenic (within body) influence Specific underlying cause Specific set of symptoms

question

How is medical model evident today?

answer

Terminology and diagnosis

question

Weaknesses of medical model

answer

-We don't know bio causes for many disorders -Could delay effort to develop more original therapies -Don't know if chemical imbalance predates depression or is result -Grey etc. reduced interest in treating patients bc incurable until pathology discovered - need to just hospitalize -Focused on diagnosis not treatment

question

What was found that changed our views of mental illness toward the medical model?

answer

Syphilis → hallucination, neurosyphilis rots your brain, majority of people in asylums had syphilis, so we can attach biological basis to what looks like psychology

question

Thomas Szasz

answer

-The Myth of Mental Illness (tested medical model) -Psychiatrist against psychiatry -Psych disorders should be "problems in living," not bio illnesses ("sickness" removes personal responsibility and adds passivity in treatment) -Bidirectional influence of bio and environment

question

Antipsychiatry movement

answer

-Rejection of medical model and psychiatry -Denial of reality of mental illness -Belief in social causation -Legislation limits commitment, requires individualized treatment plans -Many scientologists (L. Ron Hubbard) - say bipolar isn't real

question

Psychological models

answer

Opposite of biological, assume disorders are psychogenic -Person-environment interaction -Competing models

question

Competing psychological models

answer

o Psychodynamic - unconscious conflict o Behavioral - inappropriate learning o Cognitive - maladaptive thinking and perceiving o Family systems - disordered relationships o Sociocultural - social and cultural forces

question

General early influences on conceptions of abnormal behavior

answer

• External, supernatural causes • Battle of good vs. evil • Movement of moon and stars • Hippocrates said genesis of epilepsy and madness was disease, not God

question

Ancient Greek views

answer

-Hippocrates - humoral imbalance -Galen - blood in arteries (leading to bio interventions) -Demonic possession, religion (hard not to have a little influence)

question

Hippocrates

answer

-Greek -400ish BC -Genesis of epilepsy and madness were disease, not God -Psychopathology caused by humoral imbalance -Hippocratic Corpus said psych disorders could be treated like other diseases -Believed disorders could be caused by disease, brain pathology/head trauma, and influenced by genetics, also influence of psych and interpersonal contributions -Coined "hysteria"

question

Humoral imbalance theory and treatment

answer

-Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm -Pathophysiology caused by humoral imbalance of these -Treatment = rest, nutrition, bloodletting, vomiting

question

Galen

answer

-Greek -After Hippocrates - also humoral theory -Blood in arteries -Bio discoveries --> bio interventions

question

Middle Ages views

answer

-Back to supernatural explanation (devil)

question

Order of time: Middle Ages, 18th c and beyond, Greeks, Renaissance

answer

Greeks Middle Ages Renaissance (15th-17th c) 18th c and beyond

question

Renaissance views

answer

-Witch hunts (some mentally ill burned at stake) -First major effort to institutionalize -Poor laws

question

First major effort to institutionalize

answer

-Renaissance -Growing mass of mentally ill, who is responsible? -Bethlem Hospital

question

Bethlem Hospital

answer

-Renaissance -Was hospital but became one exclusively for mentally ill bc so many -"Bedlam" = chaos

question

Poor laws

answer

-Renaissance (17th c England) -Govt or parish mandated to be responsible for mentally ill, poor, blind -More mentally ill with homeless/poor but community responsible

question

18th c and beyond views

answer

-Early asylums -Reform of asylums (Pussin, Pinel, Tuke, Rush, Dix)

question

Rake's Progress

answer

-Hogarth -Illustrates conditions at Bethlem Hospital

question

Francis Galton

answer

-19th century mostly -Eugenics

question

Eugenics

answer

-Francis Galton -Better living through selective breeding -Proposals included encouraging marriage between selected classes of men and women, encouraging earlier marriage between them, providing healthy conditions for their children -Goal to eliminate genes that would cause mental illness -Popular in US, England, Germany -Sterilization in US, Nazi in Germany -Into 1980s -65,000 total people sterilized

question

17th-18th century treatments

answer

-The whirling chair -The Utica crib

question

Whirling chair

answer

o Patients were rotated as quickly as possible o The centrifugal force drove the blood to the brain o Theoretically treating mental illness and gaining patient obedience • Obedience often the real goal o Vomit after → purging

question

Utica crib

answer

-Patient placed up in it and could not turn over - left for up to days -In a sense, punitive

question

18th c early asylums

answer

-Public hospitals became "madhouses" -Poor conditions - intended to isolate, not cure

question

Reform of asylums: names

answer

Europe- Pussin, Pinel US- Rush, Dix

question

Pussin

answer

-Asylum reform -Rules for humane care -Let them get fresh air and stop beating them and stuff

question

Pinel

answer

-Asylum reform -Expanded with moral therapy -Ordinary people with extraordinary problems -Restore morale via talk therapy -With Pussin started to give people agency and liberty

question

Taking notes in medicine and recordkeeping in medicine are attributed to _________

answer

Pinel

question

Rush

answer

-Asylum reform -Father of American Psychology -First textbook, medical course, exclusive practice -Advocate of humane therapy -Said to train people -Natural causes --> questionable treatments

question

First textbook, medical course, exclusive practice attributed to ________

answer

Rush

question

Rush treatment devices

answer

-Tranquilizer chair -Hollow wheel

question

Dix

answer

-Asylum reform -Separate, humane facilities for treatment of mentally ill -Founded many mental hospitals -Costs: moral therapy declined, more hospitals but less staff and funding --> custodial care, increased stigma, permanent patient status, more surgery -"Asylum" ended -Mental hygiene movement (inform public and leaders about conditions she had seen) -Improved standards of care and made sure everyone who needed care got it -Humane treatment but then rise in #s so to custodial care

question

American mental hospitals in 40s and 50s

answer

-Inhumane, over-crowding, custodial care -Life Magazine Expose

question

40s and 50s treatments

answer

-Electroconvulsive therapy -Prefrontal lobotomy

question

ECT effectiveness

answer

-Some, like in severe depression -Side effects like impaired memory

question

Insulin coma therapy

answer

-1927 -Idea is that lower levels of glucose = coma and convulsion, sometimes people feel better after this -Tried to treat schizo this way bc schizo rarely epileptic

question

Cerletti and Bini

answer

Electric shock to induce seizure after seeing animals shocked before slaughtering --> ECT

question

Prefrontal lobotomy

answer

-Egas Moniz -Fix brain wiring -Then Friedman (ice pick) -40,000 by mid-1950s

question

Moniz

answer

-Invented prefrontal lobotomy

question

Walter Friedman

answer

-2nd lobotomy guy -Ice-pick lobotomy -Through the eye sockets ("transorbital" lobotomy) -More harm than good

question

Deinstitutionalization

answer

-Introduction of first anti-psychotic med (Thorazine) in 1952 -Discharge -Community Mental Health Act of 1963

question

Community Mental Health Act

answer

-1963 -Outpatient services, day programs, halfway houses -Not enough funding -Inc homeless population -Revolving door syndrome

question

Biological tradition

answer

-Syphilis bolstered view that mental illness = physical illness

question

General Paresis

answer

-Syphilis -Causes delusions and bizarre behavior -Pasteur discovered cause was bacteria -Cure was injecting patients w blood from malaria soldier which "burned out" syphilis bacteria -Penicillin as treatment

question

Wundt

answer

-Experimental study of abnormal behavior -Methods extend to psychopathology -Advocate for psych model -Father of modern psych

question

First lab used exclusively for psychology

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

Kraepelin

answer

-Studied psychopathology -Classification system based on syndrome profile including age of onset, time course, symptoms, cause -Syndrome -Biological model

question

First to study psychopathology

answer

Kraepelin

question

Psychogenic theory and examples

answer

-Psychological disorders are caused by emotional stress -Mesmer/magnetism -Nancy School

question

Mesmer

answer

-18th c-ish -Magnetism could treat hysteria -Hypnosis -Said psych illnesses are product of movement of planets and universal fluids and animal magnetism (due to astronomy) in us dictated if we had psych health

question

Success of hypnosis

answer

Due to power of suggestion No mechanism

question

Most common mental illness in 18th c, Mesmer

answer

-Hysteria

question

Hysteria

answer

When a woman felt pain, had blindness, paralysis, without a real physical/biological cause, more common in well-to-do women

question

Nancy School

answer

-The "business" of psych - school dedicated to teaching hypnosis, sent out to be professionals -Stuff must be psych in nature (could inflict hysteria too via hypnosis)

question

Liebeault and Bernheim

answer

Nancy School

question

Paris School

answer

-Biogenic -Jean Martin Charcot

question

Jean Martin Charcot

answer

-Paris School -Biogenic -Lost debate to Nancy School and Charcot said yeah there's something to the psych approach -Saw inner thoughts of patients with hypnosis

question

Breuer

answer

Talking cure (chimney sweeping)

question

Who invented chimney sweeping?

answer

Breuer

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

-Free association to examine unconscious conflict -Freud

question

Breuer and Freud

answer

-Psych disorders caused by unconscious conflicts -Discovered unconscious mind -Catharsis

question

Town for mentally ill in Belgium

answer

Geel

question

Patron saint of madness

answer

Dymphna

question

Dymphna

answer

Patron saint of madness

question

Geel

answer

Town in Belgium for mentally ill

question

Phrenology

answer

-Gall -Can touch brain and see what's wrong, mentally ill have misshapen head -Functions localized in specific areas of head (true, Phineas Gage)

question

Gall

answer

Phrenology

question

Psychograph

answer

Machines to measure head shape and rate personality Phrenology

question

Thorazine

answer

-1952 -Designed to fight nausea after anesthesia -Had great effects on psychiatric illnesses

question

Psychological disorder

answer

A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected -None of these on its own makes for psych disorder

question

Phobia

answer

A psychological disorder characterized by marked or persistent fear of an object or situation

question

Psychological dysfunction

answer

Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning -Severe fear during date when nothing to be afraid of

question

Abnormal behavior

answer

Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

question

Prototype

answer

-Typical profile of a disorder -One way to define dysfunction is to consider how the apparent disease or disorder matches a prototype of a disorder (like schizophrenia) when most or all symptoms of the disorder that experts agree are part of the disorder are present -Diagnostic criteria in DSM = prototype

question

Which DSM had dimensional estimates of severity of specific disorders?

answer

5

question

Psychopathology

answer

The scientific study of psychological disorders

question

Clinical psychologist

answer

Receives PhD/EdD/PsyD, 5 years grad study, research causes and treatment of disorders and diagnose, assess, treat -More severe disorders

question

Counseling psychologist

answer

Receives PhD/EdD/PsyD, 5 years grad study, research causes and treatment of disorders and diagnose, assess, treat -More than clinical tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues of relatively healthy people

question

PsyD

answer

Often more clinical than research

question

PhD

answer

Integrate clinical and research

question

Specialty (social/experimental) psychologists

answer

Investigate basic determinants of behavior but don't assess or treat

question

Psychiatrists

answer

earn MD, specialize in residency 3-4 years; investigate nature and cause of disorders (biological), diagnosis, treatment - often drugs and biological treatments and some psychosocial

question

Psychiatric social workers

answer

MSW, info relevant to social and family situation, treat disorders often dealing w family problems

question

Psychiatric nurses

answer

have M or PhD, care and treatment of patients w disorders (in hospital, part of team)

question

Marriage and family therapists

answer

1-2 years earning M degree, employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under supervision of doctoral-level clinician

question

Mental health counselors

answer

1-2 years earning M degree, employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under supervision of doctoral-level clinician

question

Scientist-practitioner

answer

Takes scientific approach to clinical work o 3 ways mental health practitioners function as scientist-practitioners • Keep up with scientific developments and use most current diagnostic and treatment procedures Consumer of science • Evaluate their assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work Evaluator of science Accountable to people, government, insurance • Conduct research → new info Creator of science

question

3 goals of research

answer

• Describe psychological disorders • Determine their causes (etiology) • Treat them

question

Presenting problem

answer

Why the person came to the clinic

question

Clinical description

answer

The unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

question

Prevalence

answer

How many people in population have disorder

question

Incidence

answer

How many new cases in a given period of time

question

Course... ...and for: schizo, mood disorders

answer

Individual pattern Chronic (often lifetime, long) Episodic

question

Time-limited course

answer

improve without treatment in short time

question

Prognosis

answer

Anticipated course of disorder -"Guarded" = looks bad

question

Types of onset

answer

Acute and insidious

question

Developmental psychoPATHOlogy

answer

Study of changes in ABNORMAL behavior over time NOT meaning children to adult bc we change throughout our lives (this is life-span devel psychopathology)

question

Supernatural tradition

answer

-Evil --> disorders -Magic and sorcery, exorcism -Despair, lethargy, sloth often a sin (but mental and emotional stress tradition equally huge)

question

Acedia

answer

Sloth, often a sin

question

Treatments for insanity being due to mental or emotional stress

answer

rest, sleep, healthy and happy environment; baths, ointments, potions

question

Nicolas Oresme

answer

-14th c adviser to French king -Said melancholy is source of some bizarre behavior, not demons -Evidence for existence of sorcery and witchcraft among the insane was obtained from tortured people who confessed to anything

question

Conflicting views around medieval times and 14th-15th c's

answer

-Supernatural tradition -Natural tradition that insanity is a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress and is curable

question

"Saint Vitus's Dance"

answer

-aka tarantism -Middle Ages large-scale breakouts of bizarre behavior -supported notion of possession by devil -included groups in streets dancing, shouting, raving

question

Emotion contagion

answer

-the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us - when it gets to total panic, whole communities are affected -demonstrated by large group in hospital w burning eyes -people suggestible when in high emotion

question

Mob psychology

answer

-Like mass hysteria -People are suggestible when in high emotion - someone identifies a cause, others assume their reactions have same source

question

Paracelsus

answer

-Early 1500s -Said no possession by devil, but movements of moon and stars affect psych functioning by affecting body fluids -"Lunatic"

question

Hysteria coinage

answer

-By Hippocrates -Now somatic symptom disorders - physical symptoms are result of medical problem for which no physical cause can be found

question

Melancholia caused by (Hippo and Galen)

answer

Too much black bile

question

Sanguine

answer

Ruddy in complexion, cheerful, optimistic (Hippo - lots of blood flow)

question

Choleric

answer

Hot-tempered

question

Ancient China

answer

Similar to humors but wind and yin (bad) and yang (good) Acupuncture to restore wind flow

question

What 2 factors reinvigorated biological tradition (after Hippo and Galen) in the 19th c?

answer

-Discovery of nature and cause of syphilis -Support from US psychiatrist John Grey

question

Psychosis

answer

Psychological disorders characterized in part by delusions and/or hallucinations -Syphilis similar to this but also have paralysis and death

question

John P. Grey

answer

-Biological tradition -Editor of APA journal -Said causes of insanity were ALWAYS physical and mentally ill patient should be treated as such (rest, diet, temp) -Rotary fan -Hospital conditions improved

question

Benjamin Franklin discovery

answer

1750s - modest shock to head --> convulsion, amnesia -Friend thought maybe useful for depression bc got elated from it

question

von Meduna

answer

-1920s -Realized schizo was rarely observed in epileptics --> seizures to cure schizo

question

Reserpine and neuroleptics

answer

Major tranqulizers, diminish hallucinations and delusions and agitation and aggressiveness

question

Benzodiazepines

answer

Minor tranquilizers, reduce anxiety

question

Plato

answer

-Psychological tradition -Maladaptive behavior caused by social and cultural influences plus learning in that environment -Reeducate thru rational discussion so that reason predominates

question

Aristotle

answer

-Psychological tradition -Influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology

question

Moral therapy

answer

-19th c -Basic tenets include treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in setting that encouraged normal social interaction -Psych tradition

question

Horace Mann

answer

1833 reported on incurable patients who were cured with moral therapy and returned to families

question

Decline of moral therapy largely due to

answer

-After mid-19th c, Civil War put tons in hospitals, immigrants given worse treatments, not big enough for individaul attention unless <200 -Dorothea Dix -Final blow was mid-19th c that it was brain pathology and uncurable

question

Big names in behaviorism

answer

Watson, Pavlov, Skinner

question

Catharsis

answer

therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that had been made unconscious and to release accompanying tension

question

Insight

answer

Fuller understanding of relatinoship between emotions and earlier events (psychoanalysis)

question

3 major facets of psychoanalysis

answer

1) Structure of mind and distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another (intrapsychic conflicts) 2) Defense mechanisms with which mind defends itself from these clashes 3) Stages of early psychosexual development that provide grist for the mill of our inner conflicts

question

Id

answer

-source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies, animal, killers if unchecked -energy within is libido, less important energy source is is thanatos (death instinct) - these are continually in opposition -pleasure principle - goal to maximize pleasure -primary process - emotional, irrational, illogical, fantasies, preoccupied with sex/aggression/selfishness/envy

question

Ego

answer

-checks the id (we have to adapt our demands to the real world without offending those around us) -ensures we act realistically -reality principle -secondary process - cognitive process characterized by logic and reason -mediates conflict between id and superego, juggling their demands with reality -we are fully aware only of these 2ndary processes

question

Superego

answer

-conscience -moral principles, instilled by parents and culture -counteracts id --> conflict within

question

Displacement

answer

Transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person (get bad grade and yell at brother)

question

Denial

answer

Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others

question

Projection

answer

Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object

question

Rationalization

answer

Conceals true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

question

Reaction formation

answer

Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones

question

Repression

answer

Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

question

Sublimation

answer

Directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially unacceptable behavior

question

Psychosexual stages of development

answer

Patterns of gratifying our basic needs and satisfying our drive for physical pleasure Oral (0-2) Anal Phallic (3-5/6), oedipus complex Latency Genital

question

Castration anxiety

answer

Fears develop that dad might punish son's lust for mom by removing his penis, keeps lust in check

question

Neuroses

answer

all nonpsychotic psychological disorders, which Freud said result from underlying unconscious conflicts, the anxiety that results from these conflicts, and the implementation of ego defense mechanisms

question

Ego psychology by

answer

Anna Freud

question

Kohut

answer

focused on theory of formation of self-concept and crucial attributes of self that allow person to progress toward health or, conversely, to develop neurosis - self-psychology (psychoanalytic)

question

Self-psychology

answer

Kohut focused on theory of formation of self-concept and crucial attributes of self that allow person to progress toward health or, conversely, to develop neurosis

question

Object relations

answer

the study of how children incorporate the images, memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were/are emotionally attached • Object - these important people • Introjection - process of incorporation • Introjected objects can become integrated part of ego or can assume conflicting roles in determining the identity/self

question

Jung

answer

-Student of Freud -Rejected sexual stuff, introduced collective unconscious -Said spiritual and religious drives are just as much part of human nature as sexual drives -Importance of personality traits like in/extroversion -Unlike Freud, human nature is good and has strong drive to self-actualization

question

Collective unconscious

answer

wisdom accumulated by society/culture stored deep in individual memories and passed down gen to gen

question

Adler

answer

-Student of Freud -Focused on strive for superiority and feeling inferior -Inferiority complex -Unlike Freud, human nature is good and has strong drive to self-actualization

question

Erikson

answer

Development across life span, crises/conflict over 8 stages

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