question

Depressive disorders

answer

Depressive disorders are unipolar mood disorders, separate from bipolar Depression is the most common presenting disorder 15% of people with depression commit suicide Most effective treatment is a combination of medication and CBT Types: -Major depressive disorder -Persistent depressive disorder -Seasonal affective disorder -Postpartum depression (PPD) -Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

question

Major depressive disorder

answer

Must have experienced most if not all of the depressive symptoms (over a period of at least 2 weeks) at least once, with no mania Major depressive episodes can last a year or more in severe cases Can be just as debilitating as a physical illness - may have poor appetite, poor sleeping habits, inability to get out of bed, lose or gain substantial weight May be accompanied by psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) More common in women Most common type of mood disorder Most people who experience one episode will continue to have recurring episodes - genetic influence, causal factors like low SES and separation / divorce

question

Persistent depressive disorder

answer

Symptoms are fewer and less severe - person is functioning, but not fully Lasts 2 or more years (more chronic) More common in women

question

Bipolar disorders

answer

Both depression and mania - a form of psychosis where the person is excitable, delusional, reckless, talkative, overconfident May experience mixed states, with depression and mania switching back and forth "Rapid cycling" refers to experiencing two or more full cycles of depression and mania within a year Types: -Bipolar I disorder -Bipolar II disorder -Ciclothymia

question

Bipolar I disorder

answer

Major depression with periods of mania - even a single manic episode qualifies a person for bipolar I If a person with bipolar I has not had a manic episode yet, they may be treated with an antidepressant, causing them to become manic - must include mood stabilizer when treating with antidepressants May have periods of normalcy without symptoms Definitely biological, but not everyone with a predisposition develops it (diathesis stress model) Equal rates in men and women - however, men usually begin with a manic episode, while women usually begin with a depressive episode

question

Bipolar II disorder

answer

Major depressive disorder with hypomania (a less severe form of mania- doesn't meet the criteria for diagnosis of mania) Some bipolar II patients go on to develop bipolar I

question

Ciclothymia

answer

Persistent depressive disorder with hypomania (a less severe form of mania) for 4+ days Least intense type of bipolar - milder mood swings lasting at least 2 years Most common type of bipolar, but underdiagnosed

question

Psychodynamic causal factors in depressive disorders

answer

The person experiences loss, neglect, or abandonment - they feel anger (pathological mourning - powerful ambivalent feelings) Repress feelings and turn the anger against themselves (introjection) - self-hatred Earlier experience of loss = greater predisposition for depression Bipolar disorder - shifting dominance between ego (mania) and superego (depression)

question

Behavioral / learning causal factors in depressive disorders

answer

Seligman's experiment with dogs and learned helplessness (electric shocks) - comparison with depression, sense of hopelessness / helplessness For people, learned helplessness can result from repeated failures - lack of positive reinforcement

question

Cognitive causal factors in depressive disorders

answer

Attributional style: how you explain your own behavior - a depressed person has an internal / stable / global attributional style (it's my fault, it will never change) and also tend to catastrophize Beck also describes the cognitive triad of depression: -negative view of self -negative view of environment -negative view of future Cognitive distortions (Burns) - all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, mental filter, etc.

question

Biological causal factors in depressive disorders

answer

Genetic factors (regulation of serotonin) - major depression runs in families, twin studies Life stressors have a greater effect on those with genetic predisposition to depression Imbalance of neurotransmitters (serotonin and norepenephrine) - not just a lack of neurotransmitters, but lack of receptors or sensitivity Even stronger genetic factors in bipolar disorder - possible sperm defects in older men

question

Psychodynamic treatments for mood disorders

answer

Treat by exposing underlying anger / ambivalent feelings and allowing the person to grieve their loss - turn anger outward and verbally express feelings

question

Cognitive behavioral treatments for mood disorders

answer

14-16 weeks of CBT - treat with cognitive restructuring to change attributional style, change automatic thought into rational response Treat learned helplessness by creating a sense of accomplishment / empowerment

question

Biomedical treatments for mood disorders

answer

Treat neurotransmitter imbalance with medication - antidepressants for depression, lithium for bipolar Some side effects may exacerbate depression, but newer drugs (SSRIs) tend to have fewer side effects and work more holistically Another possible treatment is ECT (last resort) or magnetic stimulation therapy (not yet FDA-approved)

question

Personality disorders

answer

Ego syntonic - people with PDs view their behavior as normal, because the disorder is deeply ingrained in their personality Not easy to treat (restructuring personality), not likely to seek help, generally do not learn from their mistakes or believe that their behavior is disruptive PDs are lifelong (from childhood) but are not diagnosed before age 18 Diathesis stress model - may be triggered by environmental stress, childhood abuse / neglect / abandonment - may also be raised by a parent with PD People with PDs tend to have dysfunctional relationships - seen as "difficult people" - blame others for their problems They may choose careers that validate their personality and allow for / encourage abnormal behavior (eg, actors with narcissism) Often accompanied by mood disorders Cluster model - goes from highest to lowest level of functioning (lowest to highest level of severity) Cluster A - paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Cluster B - histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, borderline Cluster C - avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

question

Cluster A personality disorders

answer

These disorders tend to be associated with odd / eccentric behavior, beliefs, speech, and appearance Types: -Paranoid -Schizoid -Schizotypal

question

Cluster B personality disorders

answer

These disorders tend to be associated with erratic / volatile behavior, and involve overcompensation for weak ego / self-esteem but may appear to be the opposite Types: -Histrionic -Narcissistic -Antisocial -Borderline

question

Cluster C personality disorders

answer

These disorders tend to be associated with high levels of fear and anxiety Types: -Avoidant -Dependent -Obsessive-compulsive

question

Psychodynamic perspective on personality disorders

answer

Early stage fixations (oral, anal, etc.) for each type of disorder Problems in early development (up to 3 years) while establishing a sense of self - lack of parental empathy and support, inability to form cohesive images of self and others or separate self (separation-individuation)

question

Cognitive-behavioral perspective on personality disorders

answer

Learning perspective focuses on maladaptive behaviors rather than diagnoses Connection to childhood experiences, learned behaviors, modeling of parents and society

question

Substance dependence

answer

Physical dependence: physical changes occur in the body due to substance abuse - tolerance, withdrawal, and habituation Psychological dependence: feeling of mentally and emotionally depending on a substance to cope with life

question

Substance-induced disorders

answer

Patterns of abnormal behavior that occur due to substance abuse - delirium, intoxication, sleep disorders, dementia, memory loss (Korsakoff's syndrome), etc.

question

Tolerance

answer

A state of physical habituation to a substance - needing greater quantities of a substance to get the same level of intoxication Withdrawal will occur if the substance is not ingested - may suffer delusions and hallucinations, effects vary based on the type of substance

question

Pathways to addiction

answer

1. Experimentation phase - occasional use most users stop here 2. Routine use - recreational, increasing frequency, some level of denial 3. Psychological dependence - 4. Physical dependence

question

Depressants

answer

Depressants slow the nervous system and cause a drowsy feeling Also reduce tension and anxiety, slow movement, and can arrest vital functions if overused Alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates (sedatives)

question

Stimulants

answer

Stimulants speed up the nervous system and cause increased heart rate, loss of appetite, nausea, and erratic behavior (amphetamine psychosis) High doses cause a euphoric rush - coming down can lead to depression and suicide Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, MDMA, caffeine

question

Hallucinogens

answer

Psychedelic effects, intense sensory experiences, changes in perception of time / color / sound No evidence of physical addictiveness, but tolerance / cravings may occur PCP, LSD, marijuana, mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (shrooms)

question

Biological perspective on substance-related and addictive disorders

answer

Substance use increases dopamine, activating reward centers - can decrease the brain's own production of dopamine over time, increasing dependency May also involve other neurotransmitters (serotonin and endorphins) Environmental factors linked to early experimentation - genetic factors linked to continued use throughout life Genetic predisposition may involve structure of dopamine receptors

question

Learning perspective on substance-related and addictive disorders

answer

Operant conditioning - social influence / observation (observational learning) leads to drug use, then drugs become associated with euphoria and anxiety reduction Alcohol use - tension-reduction theory (more use = more dependence), and self-medication for psychological pain Negative reinforcement - relieving pain, withdrawal symptoms Classical conditioning - any reminder of the substance (sight, smell, certain people or locations) becomes a trigger for cravings

question

Cognitive perspective on substance-related and addictive disorders

answer

Having positive expectations about the outcome of drug use (eg popularity) increases the likelihood of use - affected by peer attitudes Beliefs about alcohol boosting self-efficacy, ability to interact with others Self-fulfilling prophecy / absolutist effect - alcoholics believe that even a single drink leads to complete loss of control, so it does

question

Psychodynamic perspective on substance-related and addictive disorders

answer

Oral-dependent personality - alcoholism typically paired with other oral traits such as dependence and depression, also smoking habit

question

Biological treatment of substance use disorders

answer

Begin treatment with detoxification - must get through withdrawal symptoms safely (antianxiety drugs can help) Drugs - disulfiram (causes nausea when combined with alcohol), antidepressants (may reduce cravings), naltrexone (prevents high from drug use) Nicotine replacement therapy - gum, patches Methadone maintenance programs - synthetic opiate, more regulated and less dangerous than heroin - other synthetic opiates include buprenorphine and levomethadyl

question

Residential / non-residential treatment of substance use disorders

answer

Non-residential: AA, NA, and other non-professional self-help groups - AA maintains that addiction is a disease that cannot be cured Residential: hospitalization recommended for those who behave self-destructively and can't exercise self-control - usually involve a 28-day detox period

question

Behavioral treatment of substance use disorders

answer

Focus on modifying abusive and dependent behavior patterns Self-control training - control the three ABC's: antecedent, behavior, consequences Contingency management programs - monetary rewards for staying clean Aversive conditioning - associating drug use with unpleasant stimuli such as nausea Social skills training - develop effective responses in situations where drug use is promoted Controlled drinking - moderation can be a first step toward complete abstinence

question

Relapse prevention treatment of substance use disorders

answer

Designed to help substance users identify high-risk situations and learn effective coping skills Prevent individual lapses from turning into full-blown relapses

question

Gender dysphoria

answer

Experiencing significant personal distress or impaired functioning as a result of a conflict between anatomical sex and gender identity

question

Gender identity

answer

The psychological sense of being male or female

question

Sexual orientation

answer

Strongly biological - there are some brain structure differences (gay men have a smaller hypothalamus) - also, there is a higher than expected percentage of gay and lesbian people in some families (especially related on the mother's side)

question

Paraphilic disorders

answer

Targets of sexual attraction (including objects, activities, etc.) are outside the norm To diagnose - must be present for 6 months or longer, and cause personal distress / impairment / harm to others Rarely diagnosed in women Some types are relatively harmless and victimless Types: fetishism, transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism, sexual sadism

question

Fetishism

answer

Sexual gratification can only be attained with a specific article of clothing, behavior, etc. - cannot get aroused without it! Usually occurs in men May arise from a childhood experience

question

Transvestism

answer

Straight men getting sexual gratification from wearing women's clothing

question

Exhibitionism

answer

Sexual gratification from exposing oneself inappropriately - they get off on the shock factor, not usually interested in actual sexual contact

question

Voyeurism

answer

Sexual gratification from watching others naked or having sex when they don't know they're being watched

question

Frotteurism

answer

Sexual gratification from rubbing up against or inappropriately touching strangers in a crowd

question

Pedophilia

answer

Sexual attraction to children - a pedophile must be at least 16 years old, and at least 5 years older than the victim -true pedophiles don't go for children post-puberty Some people are attracted only to children, others to both children and adults - not all child molesters are pedophiles (attraction to children must be stronger) Most pedophiles have a history themselves of being abused - tend to have a history of fewer relationships, feel threatened by other adults

question

Sexual masochism

answer

Sexual gratification from having pain inflicted on you - one example is hypoxyphilia (autoerotic asphyxiation) More common in men, but may occur in women Connects with sadists

question

Sexual sadism

answer

Sexual gratification from inflicting pain on others Connects with masochists - a small minority become sadistic rapists

question

Psychological perspective on paraphilic disorders

answer

Lovemap (Money) - childhood experiences determine the types of stimuli and activities that become associated with sexual gratification later on, may be "tarnished" by trauma

question

Biological perspective on paraphilic disorders

answer

Sex drives of those with paraphilias tend to be higher than average - more fantasies, shorter refractory period Differences in brain wave patterns on fMRI, especially with pedophiles

question

Psychoanalytic treatment of paraphilic disorders

answer

Paraphilias are a defense against leftover castration anxiety from the phallic period of psychosexual development Sexual masochism and other disorders may represent an escape from the ordinary self

question

Cognitive-behavioral treatment of paraphilic disorders

answer

Generally aversion therapy is used to reduce pleasurable associations by pairing them with electric shocks Also masturbatory reassociation to create pairings with healthier stimuli

question

Biomedical treatment of paraphilic disorders

answer

There are drugs that can reduce testosterone levels (antiandrogens) to help control urges - antidepressants may help by reducing libido Some men volunteer for castration, although it may not stop the urges

question

Sexual dysfunctions

answer

Lifelong vs. acquired Situational vs. generalized 1. Disorders of interest and arousal -Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder -Female sexual interest / arousal disorder -Erectile disorder 2. Orgasm disorders -Female orgasmic disorder -Delayed ejaculation -Premature ejaculation 3. Genito-pelvic pain / penetration disorder

question

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

answer

Full physical functionality but low libido (compared to the average male 8-25% of men, more common in older men

question

Female sexual interest / arousal disorder

answer

Lack of sexual interest, or not responsive to stimulation 10-55% of women, more common in older women

question

Erectile disorder

answer

Inability to get or maintain an erection More likely to occur when men are older - 20-40% of men in their 60s, increasing more with age Can also be caused by alcohol intake May have physical cause, but Masters and Johnson found that the origin is often psychological

question

Female orgasmic disorder

answer

Responsive to stimuli, but difficulty achieving orgasm from any source of stimulation 10-42% of women

question

Premature ejaculation

answer

Ejaculation that occurs before it is desired by the man - often within about one minute of penetration - only problematic when it is persistent More common in younger men - 30% or more Start-stop technique - stopping sexual activity before orgasm occurs - trains the guy to read his own body better and slow down if too excited Squeeze technique - squeezing gently under the penis to reduce arousal

question

Genito-pelvic pain / penetration disorder

answer

Pain during sexual intercourse or attempts at penetration May involved vaginismus, involuntary vaginal contraction during penetration may be caused by an STD or history of sexual abuse About 15% of women in North America

question

Psychological perspective on sexual dysfunctions

answer

Emphasizes the role of anxiety (eg performance anxiety), lack of sexual skills, irrational beliefs (Ellis), perceived causes of events, and relationship problems Sexual abuse victims can become afraid of sex, or hypersexualized - may also have depression, guilt, and identity issues

question

Biological perspective on sexual dysfunctions

answer

Low testosterone levels may be connected, but most people with sexual dysfunctions have normal hormone levels Disease (eg diabetes, cardiovascular problems) may manifest in disorders like erectile dysfunction Can also be caused by some medications

question

Sociocultural perspective on sexual dysfunctions

answer

Women have historically believed that sex is for the pleasure of men only May also be linked to sociocultural beliefs and taboos such as sex before marriage

question

Biological treatment of sexual dysfunctions

answer

Exercise and weight loss, reduce intake of alcohol and nicotine Drugs such as Viagra, testosterone treatment Surgery in rare cases for blocked blood vessels

question

Behavioral treatment of sexual dysfunctions

answer

Behavioral treatment model (Masters and Johnson) involves sensate focus, similar to systematic desensitization, to relieve anxiety Sex therapists can also refer clients to sexual surrogates, if the client does not have a partner - surrogates are trained in sensate focus techniques Couples therapy to resolve relationship problems

question

Sensate focus treatment of sexual dysfunctions

answer

Sex therapists must be licensed psychiatrists, psychologists, MSW or LMFT who are then trained in sensate focus - they mostly work with couples and assign homework Phases of sensate focus (lasts 8-12 weeks overall): *Sensate focus I* - no sexual activity allowed, including masturbation and sexual touching - partners can take turns giving and receiving non-sexual touching, such as massage, for 3x/week at 15 minutes per person *Sensate focus II* - genital touching is allowed, but not orgasm - partners are encouraged to stay present and focused - this lasts 2-3 weeks *Sensate focus III* - orgasms are allowed, but no sexual intercourse - may use techniques to correct premature ejaculation: *Vaginal containment* - intercourse is allowed, but no orgasm from sex, must stop before it occurs

question

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Types: -Type 1 schizophrenia -Type 2 schizophrenia -Brief psychotic disorder -Schizophrenoform disorder -Schizoaffective disorder -Delusional disorders

question

Phases of schizophrenia

answer

Prodromal phase - gradual onset of symptoms, may occur even in acute cases Active / acute phase - full blown symptoms, significant impairment Residual phase - may occur after treatment, mostly stabilized but still experiencing some symptoms

question

Features of schizophrenia

answer

Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Positive symptoms Negative symptoms

question

Delusions

answer

Improbable or impossible beliefs Delusions of persecution - paranoid about being spied on or targeted Delusions of control - believing that some person / group / etc. controls your thoughts, feelings, and behavior Delusions of reference - believing that you're actually involved in events unrelated to you Delusions of sin and guilt - incorrectly believing you did something wrong Hypochondriacal delusions - believing you suffer from some improbable or impossible condition Nihilistic delusions - belief in an impending apocalypse Delusions of grandeur - believing you have special powers or status

question

Disorganized speech and thoughts

answer

Thought broadcasting - believing that your thoughts are being broadcast to others Thought insertion - believing that others are putting thoughts into your heard Loose associations - tangential, rambling speech Word salad - using real words in an order that doesn't make sense Neologisms - inventing new words

question

Disorganized or catatonic behavior

answer

Stupor / inactivity Mania Extreme rigidity or flexibility of limbs

question

Positive symptoms

answer

Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior

question

Negative symptoms

answer

Absence of normal behaviors May be shut down, withdrawn, mute and unresponsive

question

Biological / genetic perspective on schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Family studies suggest strong genetic influence, more prevalent among shared genes than shared environment Dopamine hypothesis - antipsychotic effects of neuroleptics and amphetamines Abnormal brain structure and function - damage may have occurred during development, birth trauma May be linked to older fathers, viral infections

question

Learning-based perspective on schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Bizarre behaviors become more reinforced than normal behaviors (conditioning / observational learning) Modeling may occur within the setting of residential treatment

question

Family perspective on schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Theory of the schizophrenogenic mother - the belief that having a cold, domineering mother could cause a child to develop schizophrenia No evidence for this!

question

Sociocultural perspective on schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Schizophrenia is more common in low SES areas (less access to healthcare for early intervention

question

Biomedical treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Antipsychotic drugs - one type is phenothiazines, which block dopamine receptors - may cause Parkinsons-like effects such as dysthonia (twitching), akathesia (restlessness), and tardive dyskinesia (tic-like behavior) Must be stabilized with antipsychotics before any other kind of treatment can be applied - once stabilized, the patient may benefit from behavior therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and/or psychosocial rehabilitation

question

Learning-based treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Behavior therapy and group therapy to learn more appropriate behavior Selective reinforcement, token economy (rewards), social skills training

question

Psychosocial rehabilitation treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

answer

Outpatient facilities, group homes, etc. - some "clubhouses" provide multiple services such as finding housing, employment, etc. Depends on level of functionality - the goal is to reintegrate into society Cognitive rehabilitation training to improve attention and memory

question

Brief psychotic disorder

answer

Schizophrenia symptoms lasting less than one month May be linked to stressful life events - sometimes experienced by women after childbirth

question

Schizoaffective disorder

answer

Schizophrenia symptoms combined with major depression - at some point, delusions or hallucinations must have occurred without the presence of a major mood disorder Like schizophrenia, tends to follow a chronic course and may respond to antipsychotic medication Appears to share a genetic link with schizophrenia

question

Delusional disorders

answer

Relatively normal functioning and clear thinking in most areas of life, but with one particular area of delusion - may be completely bizarre, or actually within the realm of possibility (such as a cheating spouse) About 25% of those with delusional disorder will develop full-blown schizophrenia - about 50% with fully recover with treatment (antipsychotic medication) Types: -Erotomanic -Grandiose -Jealous -Persecutory -Somatic -Mixed type

question

Erotomanic delusional disorder

answer

Believing incorrectly that you have a relationship with someone you admire, often a celebrity

question

Grandiose delusional disorder

answer

Believing that you are a significant figure or are communicating with one (eg God)

question

Jealous delusional disorder

answer

Believing that you're being cheated on by your SO - unable to be convinced otherwise

question

Persecutory delusional disorder

answer

Paranoia, believing that you're being spied on or targeted

question

Somatic delusional disorder

answer

Believing that you have some improbable or impossible health condition

question

Mixed type delusional disorder

answer

Combined symptoms with no predominant type of delusion

question

Type 1 schizophrenia

answer

Positive symptoms - presence of schizophrenia-related symptoms Conforms to dopamine hypothesis - antipsychotic drugs block dopamine receptors to reduce symptoms, but may cause Parkinsons-like symptoms Better prognosis

question

Type 2 schizophrenia

answer

Negative symptoms - absence of normal behaviors May be shut down, withdrawn, mute and unresponsive Caused by enlarged ventricles (the areas between brain matter Since the problem is with brain structure, drugs don't help - worse prognosis

question

Schizophrenoform disorder

answer

Schizophrenia symptoms lasting between one and six months Some cases resolve with full functioning, others persist and become reclassified as schizophrenia

question

Paranoid personality disorder

answer

Cluster A personality disorder Suspicious - don't trust others, expect to be hurt, questions other people's loyalty and intentions - do not have outright delusions as with paranoid schizophrenia Easily offended, hold grudges for perceived slights - may initiate multiple lawsuits Erikson - stuck at trust vs. mistrust stage Tend to avoid intimate relationships - don't often confide in others - generally can maintain employment

question

Schizoid personality disorder

answer

Cluster A personality disorder Total indifference to social interaction - no close relationships Flat affect - indifferent to praise or criticism, don't show emotion - internal experience may be completely different, deep sensitivity Tends to have solitary jobs and hobbies, men with schizoid PD rarely date or marry Trust issues prevent them from seeking treatment

question

Schizotypal personality disorder

answer

Cluster A personality disorder Very odd behavior, appearance, and speech Paranoia and odd beliefs - delusions, magical thinking Schizotypal = low end of the schizophrenia spectrum Highly genetic - likely to have relatives with schizophrenia and schizotypal PD Digressive and rambling speech, inappropriate affect Severe social anxiety

question

Histrionic personality disorder

answer

Cluster B personality disorder Excessive emotional reactions, dramatic, always seeking attention and approval Emotions seem superficial, not genuine, and are expressed inappropriately May be hypersexual and obsessed with feeling attractive

question

Narcissistic personality disorder

answer

Cluster B personality disorder See themselves aa God's gift to mankind - entitled, expect special treatment Fantasies of unlimited power and success Hypersensitive to criticism - arrogance is a cover for fragile ego Exploit and manipulate others Have trouble maintaining relationships

question

Antisocial personality disorder

answer

Cluster B personality disorder Lacking both empathy and remorse Generally have conduct disorder in childhood - history of bullying, fighting, cruelty to people and animals Disregard for the truth Often reckless and impulsive, likely to end up in jail - makes it easier to research APD Psychodynamic perspective - no superego Tends to run in families Very resistant to treatment

question

Borderline personality disorder

answer

Cluster B personality disorder Pervasive unstable mood, fragile self-image, pattern of intense and unstable relationships (love or hate) Have trouble interpreting emotions (their own and those of other people) Fear of abandonment leads to impulsive, self-destructive behavior - manipulation of others, no boundaries Poor prognosis, often referred out to other therapists

question

Avoidant personality disorder

answer

Cluster C personality disorder Pervasive social discontent, fear, and anxiety - avoid social interaction Fear of rejection and embarrassment, easily hurt by criticism and disapproval No close relationships

question

Dependent personality disorder

answer

Cluster C personality disorder Need constant reassurance and approval - fear of abandonment and criticism Can't be alone, jump from one relationship to another - not self-sufficient Indecisive - have trouble initiating things Psychoanalytic interpretation: stuck in the oral stage May seek partners with narcissistic personality disorder

question

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

answer

Cluster C personality disorder Perfectionist, rigid thinking - afraid to make the wrong decision - not in touch with their emotions Judgment of self and others makes them hypersensitive to criticism May withhold attention or money when upset with others Psychoanalytic interpretation: stuck in the anal stage May seek partners with histrionic personality disorder

Abnormal Psychology – Exam 2 (Chapters 7, 8, 10, 11, 12) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards