question

fear (p. 98)

answer

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being.

question

anxiety (p. 98)

answer

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.

question

generalized anxiety disorder (p. 98)

answer

A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities.

question

realistic anxiety (p. 100)

answer

According to Freud, anxiety experienced by children when they face actual danger.

question

neurotic anxiety (p. 100)

answer

According to Freud, anxiety experienced by children when they are repeatedly prevented, by parents or other circumstances, from expressing their id impulses.

question

moral anxiety (p. 100)

answer

According to Freud, anxiety experienced by children when they are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses.

question

unconditional positive regard (p. 101)

answer

Rogers belief that an atmosphere of genuine acceptance and caring will help clients feel secure enough to recognize their true needs, thoughts, and emotions. When clients eventually are honest and comfortable with themselves, their anxiety or other symptoms will subside.

question

client-centered therapy (p. 101)

answer

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rodgers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness.

question

maladaptive assumptions (p. 102)

answer

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying. Cognitive therapist believe that GAD is induced by these assumptions.

question

basic irrational assumptions (p. 102)

answer

The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis.

question

metacognitive therapy (p. 103)

answer

A new wave cognitive theory, developed by Adrian Wells, that suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying. The negative beliefs, however, are the ones that open the door to this disorder.

question

intolerance of uncertainty theory (p. 104)

answer

A new wave cognitive explanation for generalized anxiety disorder that suggests that certain individuals believe that any possibility of a negative event occurring, no matter how slim, means that the event is likely to occur.

question

avoidance theory (p. 104)

answer

A new wave cognitive explanation, developed by Thomas Borkovec, that suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder have greater bodily arousal than others and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting people from their unpleasant somatic feelings.

question

rational-emotive therapy (p. 105)

answer

A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder.

question

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (p. 105)

answer

A cognitive therapy developed by Steven Hayes that helps clients become aware of their streams of thoughts, including their worries, as they are occuring and to accept such thinking as mere events of the mind.

question

family pedigree studies (p. 106)

answer

A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.

question

benzodiazepines (p. 106)

answer

The most common group of anti-anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.

question

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (p. 106)

answer

The neurotransmitter gammaaminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder.

question

brain circuits (p. 107)

answer

networks of brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action with the help of neurotransmitters and producing a particular kind of emotional reaction. It turns out that the circuit that produces anxiety reactions includes the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala, a mall almond-shaped brain structure that usually starts the emotional ball rolling. Recent studies suggest that this circuit often functions improperly in people with generalized anxiety disorder.

question

sedative-hypnotic drugs (p. 107)

answer

Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses.

question

relaxation training (p. 108)

answer

A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations.

question

biofeedback (p. 108)

answer

A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily.

question

electromyograph (EMG) (p. 108)

answer

A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.

question

phobia (p. 109)

answer

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation.

question

specific phobia (p. 110)

answer

A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia).

question

agoraphobia (p. 110)

answer

An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur.

question

classical conditioning (p. 111)

answer

A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response.

question

modeling (p. 112)

answer

A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.

question

stimulus generalization (p. 112)

answer

A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli.

question

preparedness (p. 113)

answer

A predisposition to develop certain fears.

question

exposure treatments (p. 113)

answer

Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread.

question

systematic desensitization (p. 114)

answer

A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread.

question

flooding (p. 114)

answer

A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless.

question

social anxiety disorder (p. 117)

answer

A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur.

question

social skills training (p. 121)

answer

A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.

question

panic attacks (p. 121)

answer

Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass.

question

panic disorder (p. 122)

answer

An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks.

question

norepinephrine (p. 122)

answer

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression.

question

locus ceruleus (p. 122)

answer

A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.

question

biological challenge test (p. 125)

answer

A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist.

question

anxiety sensitivity (p. 125)

answer

A tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.

question

obsession (p. 127)

answer

A persistent thought, urge, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety.

question

compulsion (p. 127)

answer

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety.

question

obsessive-compulsive disorder (p. 127)

answer

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a drive to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both.

question

exposure and response prevention (p. 129)

answer

A behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.

question

neutralizing (p. 130)

answer

A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.

question

serotonin (p. 131)

answer

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

question

orbitofrontal cortex (p. 131)

answer

A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise.

question

caudate nuclei (p. 131)

answer

Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions.

question

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders (p. 133)

answer

A group of disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly, and excessively perform specific patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives.

question

hoarding disorder (p. 133)

answer

disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and experience significant distress if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items and possessions.

question

hair-pulling disorder (p. 133)

answer

disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyelashes, or other parts of the body. Also called trichotillomania

question

excoriation disorder (p. 133)

answer

disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds. Also called skin picking disorder.

question

body dysmorphic disorder (p. 133)

answer

A disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flows in their physical appearance. The perceived defects or flows ore imagined or greatly exaggerated.

question

stress management program (p. 136)

answer

approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress.

question

stressor (p. 139)

answer

The event that creates the demands

question

hypothalamus (p. 141)

answer

The features of arousal and fear are set in motion by the brain area

question

autonomic nervous system (ANS) (p. 141)

answer

The network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body.

question

endocrine system (p. 141)

answer

The system of glands located throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity.

question

sympathetic nervous system (p. 141)

answer

The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear.

question

epinephrine (p. 142)

answer

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated the adrenaline chemical is released is adrenaline

question

norepinephrine (p. 142)

answer

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated the chemicals that calms you down

question

parasympathetic nervous system (p. 142)

answer

The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that help return bodily processes to normal.

question

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway (p. 142)

answer

One route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear.

question

corticosteroids (p. 142)

answer

A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress.

question

acute stress disorder (p. 143)

answer

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month.

question

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (p. 143)

answer

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event.

question

rape (p. 146)

answer

Forced sexual intercourse or another sexual act committed against a nonconsenting person or intercourse with on underage person.

question

torture (p. 147)

answer

The use of brutal, degrading, and disorienting strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness.

question

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (p. 151)

answer

An exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid.

question

rap groups (p. 153)

answer

A group that meets to talk about and explore members' problems in an atmosphere of mutual support.

question

psychological debriefing (p. 153)

answer

A form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents. Also called critical incident stress debriefing.

question

dissociative disorders (p. 155)

answer

A group of disorders in which some ports of one's memory or identity seem to be dissociated, or separated, from other ports of one's memory or identity.

question

memory (p. 155)

answer

The faculty for recoiling past events and past learning.

question

dissociative amnesia (p. 156)

answer

A dissociative disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information.

question

amnestic episode (p. 156)

answer

A mental disorder, which exclusively affects short-term memory with a sudden onset and a duration of some hours, seldom up to several days, and often it is connected with a retrograde amnesia.

question

dissociative fugue (p. 158)

answer

involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality states (or identities) control an individual's behavior at different times.

question

dissociative identity disorder (p. 159)

answer

A dissociative disorder in which o person develops two or more distinct personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder.

question

subpersonalities (p. 159)

answer

The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder. Also known as alternate personalities.

question

iatrogenic disorder (p. 161)

answer

caused by the diagnosis, manner, or treatment of a physician; when the therapist or the therapy itself contributes to the onset of a disorder; is a disease inadvertently caused by physician, by a medical or surgical treatment, or by a diagnostic procedure

question

repression (p. 161)

answer

Is to force a memory to be covered up or a bad experience

question

state-dependent learning (p. 162)

answer

Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions.

question

self-hypnosis (p. 163)

answer

The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events.

question

hypnotic therapy (p. 164)

answer

A treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities. Also known as hypnotherapy.

question

fusion (p. 165)

answer

The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder.

question

depersonalization-derealization disorder (p. 166)

answer

A dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.

Abnormal Psychology Chapters 4, 5 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards