Abnormal Psychology (Chapter Three) – Flashcards
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model
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A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm.
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neuron
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A nerve cell.
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Synapse
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The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
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demonological model
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-Model used to explain abnormal functioning during the middle ages.
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Biological model
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-Model that sees physical processes as key to human behavior. -Cause of Dysfunction: Biological malfunction -Research Support: Strong -Consumer designation: Patient -Therapist Role: Doctor -Key Therapy technique: Biological intervention -Therapy goal: Biological Repair
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Psychodynamic model
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-Model that looks at people's unconscious internal processes and conflicts. -Cause of Dysfunction: Underlying Conflicts -Research Support: Modest -Consumer designation: Patient -Therapist Role: Interpreter -Key Therapy technique: Free association and interpretation -Therapy goal: Broad psychological change
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Behavioral model
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-Model that emphasizes behavior and the ways in which it is learned. -Cause of Dysfunction: Maladaptive Learning -Research Support: Strong -Consumer designation: Client -Therapist Role: Teacher -Key Therapy technique: Conditioning -Therapy goal: Functional Behaviors
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Cognitive model
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-Model that concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior. -Cause of Dysfunction: Maladaptive thinking -Research Support: Strong -Consumer designation: Client -Therapist Role: Persuader -Key Therapy technique: Reasoning -Therapy goal: Adaptive thinking
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Humanistic-existential model
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-Model that stresses the role of values and choices. -Cause of Dysfunction: Self-deceit -Research Support: Weak -Consumer designation: Patient or client -Therapist Role: Observer -Key Therapy technique: Reflection -Therapy goal: Self actualization
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Sociocultural model
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-Model that looks at the social and cultural forces as the key to human functioning. -This model includes the family social perspective (focuses on an individuals family and social interactions), and the multicultural perspective (Emphasizes an individuals culture and the shared beliefs, values, and history of that culture.
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Cerebrum region of the brain
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-Cortex -Corpus Callosum -Basal Ganglia -Hippocampus -Amygdala
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Cortex
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Outer layer of the brain
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Corpus Callosum
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Connects the two brain hemispheres together.
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Basal Ganglia
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Brain part that plays a crucial role in planning and producing movement.
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Hippocampus
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Brain part that helps to regulate emotions and memory.
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Amygdala
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Brain part that plays a key role in emotional memory.
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Huntingtons Disease
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-A disorder marked by violent emotional outburst, memory loss, and absurd beliefs. -Disorder has been linked to the loss of cells in the basal ganglia.
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Dendrite
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Antenna like extensions located at one end of the neuron.
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Axon
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A long fiber extending from the neurons body.
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Synapse
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The little space that separates one neuron from the next.
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Neurotransmitter
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The chemical released when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending and the nerve ending is stimulated.
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Receptor
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A site on neuron that receives a neurotransmitter.
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Hormones
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The chemicals released by the endocrine gland into the bloodstream.
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gene
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Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits that we inherit.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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When two electrodes are attached to a patients forehead, and an electrical current of 65 - 140 volts is passed briefly through the brain. The current causes a brain seizure that lasts up to a few minutes.
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id
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According to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses.
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Ego
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According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.
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Ego defense mechanism
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According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse.
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Superego
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According to Freud, the psychological force that represents a persons values and ideals.
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Fixation
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According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.
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Catharsis
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The reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems.
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Conditioning
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A simple form of learning.
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Operant conditioning
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A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated. (Pavlov's dogs)
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Modeling
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A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.
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Classical conditioning
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A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a persons mind and produce the same response.
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Systematic Desensitization
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A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread.
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Self-Efficacy
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The belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary.
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies
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Therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking.
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Cognitive therapy
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A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes.
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Self actualization
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The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth.
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Gestalt Therapy
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The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self recognition and self acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self discovery exercises.
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Existential model
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-Cause of Dysfunction: Avoidance of Responsibility -Research Support: Weak -Consumer designation: Patient or Client -Therapist Role: Collaborator -Key Therapy technique: Varied -Therapy goal: Authentic Life
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Family Social Model
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-Cause of Dysfunction: Family or social stress -Research Support: Moderate -Consumer designation: Client -Therapist Role: Family/social intervention -Key Therapy technique: Family/social intervention -Therapy goal: Effective family or social system
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Multicultural
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-Cause of Dysfunction: External Pressures or cultural conflicts -Research Support: Moderate -Consumer designation: Client -Therapist Role: Cultural advocate/ Teacher -Key Therapy technique: Culture Sensitive Intervention -Therapy goal: Cultural awareness and comfort.
