Abnormal Psychology Chapter 16-17 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Psychological Disorders
answer
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
question
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
answer
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
question
Medical Model
answer
The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.
question
DSM-V
answer
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
question
4 Axis (multiaxial diagnosis)
answer
Based on assessments, interviews, and observations, many clinicians diagnose by answering the following questions from the five levels, or axes, of the DSM-IV-TR. AXIS I: Is a clinical syndrome present? AXIS II: Is a personality disorder or mental retardation present? AXIS III: Is a general medical condition, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present? AXIS IV: Are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues, also present? AXIS V: What is the global assessment of this person's functioning?
question
Neurosis
answer
Repressed conflicts lead to mental symptoms such as anxiety and fears that disturb ability to function; less serious mental disorder than a psychosis.
question
Psychosis
answer
mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
question
Anxiety Disorders
answer
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
question
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
answer
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
question
Panic Disorder
answer
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
question
Panic Attacks
answer
A minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness typically accompany the panic, which may be misperceived as a heart attack or other serious physical ailment.
question
Phobia
answer
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
question
Specific Phobia
answer
focus anxiety on a specific object, activity, or situation. Can lead to incapacitating efforts to avoid the feared situation.
question
Social Phobia
answer
An intense fear of being scrutinized by others. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties-or will sweat, tremble, or have diarrhea when doing so. Social phobia is shyness taken to an extreme.
question
Agoraphobia
answer
fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes
question
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
answer
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
question
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
answer
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
question
Somatoform Disorders
answer
disorders in which physical symptoms are present that are due to psychological causes rather than any known medical condition
question
Conversion Disorder
answer
a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause
question
Hypochondriasis
answer
A somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.
question
Dissociative Disorders
answer
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
question
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
answer
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. AKA- Multiple Personality Disorder
question
Dissociative Amnesia
answer
Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.
question
Dissociative Fugue
answer
disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity
question
Personality Disorders
answer
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and longstanding maladaptive behaviors that typically cause stress and/or social or occupational problems.
question
Avoidant Personality Disorder
answer
a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism
question
Schizoid Personality Disorder
answer
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
question
Histrionic Personality Disorder
answer
a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
question
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
answer
characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration
question
Borderline Personality Disorder
answer
a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures
question
Dependent Personality Disorder
answer
personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone
question
Mood Disorders
answer
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
question
Major Depressive Disorder
answer
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
question
Dysthymia
answer
A down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day, nearly everyday, for two years or more. Tend to experience chronic low energy and self-esteem, have difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and sleep and eat too much or too little
question
Cyclothymia
answer
characterized by recurring episodes of mild elation and depression that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of bipolar disorder
question
Serotonin
answer
a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons
question
Norepinephrine
answer
helps control alertness and arousal.
question
Mania
answer
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic states
question
Bipolar
answer
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (manic depressive disorder)
question
Learned Helplessness theory to depression
answer
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
question
Optimistic explanatory style
answer
Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations
question
Seasonal Pattern Specifier (SAD)
answer
Believed to be a form of depression caused by deprivation of sunlight. Ex. During dark winter months, people become more depressed.
question
Schizophrenia
answer
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
question
Delusions
answer
false beliefs, often by persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
question
Hallucinations
answer
sensory experiences without sensory stimulation and are usually auditory and take form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders
question
Flat Affect
answer
a zombielike state of apparent apathy
question
Catatonia
answer
remain motionless for hours on end and then become agitated
question
Paranoid Schizophrenic
answer
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
question
Disorganized Schizophrenic
answer
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
question
Catatonic Schizophrenic
answer
immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements
question
Undifferentiated Schizophrenic
answer
many and varied symptoms
question
Residual Schizophrenic
answer
withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
question
Dopamine Hypothesis
answer
Theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess amount of dopamine in brain. Research has found that medication to reduce dopamine can reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
question
Word Salad
answer
jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia
question
Delusions of grandeur
answer
a delusion (common in paranoia) that you are much greater and more powerful and influential than you really are
question
Persecutional Delusions
answer
a delusion where some mysterious other is following/chasing, causing things to occur, or forcing one to do something
question
Echolalia
answer
(psychiatry) mechanical and meaningless repetition of the words of another person (as in schizophrenia)
question
Echophraxia
answer
involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions
question
Psychotherapy
answer
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
question
Eclectic Approach/integration
answer
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
question
Psychoanalysis
answer
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939), Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
question
Free Association
answer
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
question
Resistance
answer
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
question
Transferring
answer
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
question
Psychodynamic Therapists
answer
Try to understand a patient's current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship. They also help the person explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings.
question
Interpersonal psychotherapy
answer
A brief (12-to 16-session) variation of psychodynamic therapy, has been effective in treating depression. It aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties, but its goal is symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change. Rather then focusing mostly on undoing past hurts and offering interpretations, the therapist focuses primarily on current relationships and on helping people improve their relationship skills.
question
Humanistic Therapies
answer
Attempt to reduce the conflicts that are impeding natural developmental growth. They focus on: -the present and future more then the past -conscious rather then unconscious thoughts -taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants -promoting growth instead of curing illness
question
Carl Rogers
answer
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
question
Client-centered therapy
answer
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine. accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth
question
Non-directive therapy
answer
the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights
question
Active Listening
answer
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
question
Unconditional positive regard
answer
given a nonjudgemental, grace-filled environment that provides unconditional positive regard, people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole
question
Behavior Therapy
answer
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
question
Counterconditioning
answer
A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.
question
Exposure therapy
answer
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
question
Mary Cover Jones
answer
behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned
question
Systematic Desensitization
answer
A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
question
Virtual reality exposure therapy
answer
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
question
Aversive Conditioning
answer
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
question
BF Skinner
answer
pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.
question
Token economy
answer
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
question
Cognitive Therapy
answer
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
question
Aaron Beck
answer
pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.
question
Martin Seligman
answer
researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology
question
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
answer
a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changes self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
question
Group/Family therapy
answer
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.
question
Psychotherapy
answer
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
question
Rational-emotive Therapy (REBT)
answer
Albert Ellis's brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders.
question
Biomedical therapy
answer
physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, overloading its circuits with electroconvulsive shock, using magnetic impulses to stimulate or dampen its activity, or altering its circuits through psychosurgery
question
Psychopharmacology
answer
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
question
Tardive Dyskinesia
answer
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors
question
Antianxiety Drugs
answer
Depress CNS activity. Used in combination with psychological therapy, an antianxiety drug can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli.
question
Antidepressant Drugs
answer
Lift people up form a state of depression. This class of drugs works by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, neurotransmitters that elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression.
question
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
answer
a class of antidepressant drugs that work specifically on increasing availability of the neurotransmitter serotonin by interfering with its reuptake
question
Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)
answer
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
question
Psychosurgery
answer
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
question
Lobotomy
answer
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New