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Psychological Disorders

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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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Medical Model

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The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

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DSM-V

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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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4 Axis (multiaxial diagnosis)

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Based on assessments, interviews, and observations, many clinicians diagnose by answering the following questions from the five levels, or axes, of the DSM-IV-TR. AXIS I: Is a clinical syndrome present? AXIS II: Is a personality disorder or mental retardation present? AXIS III: Is a general medical condition, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present? AXIS IV: Are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues, also present? AXIS V: What is the global assessment of this person's functioning?

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Neurosis

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Repressed conflicts lead to mental symptoms such as anxiety and fears that disturb ability to function; less serious mental disorder than a psychosis.

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Psychosis

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mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment

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Anxiety Disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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Panic Disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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Panic Attacks

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A minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness typically accompany the panic, which may be misperceived as a heart attack or other serious physical ailment.

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Phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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Specific Phobia

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focus anxiety on a specific object, activity, or situation. Can lead to incapacitating efforts to avoid the feared situation.

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Social Phobia

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An intense fear of being scrutinized by others. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties-or will sweat, tremble, or have diarrhea when doing so. Social phobia is shyness taken to an extreme.

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Agoraphobia

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fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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Somatoform Disorders

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disorders in which physical symptoms are present that are due to psychological causes rather than any known medical condition

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Conversion Disorder

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a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause

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Hypochondriasis

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A somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.

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Dissociative Disorders

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Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

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A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. AKA- Multiple Personality Disorder

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Dissociative Amnesia

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Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

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Dissociative Fugue

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disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

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Personality Disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and longstanding maladaptive behaviors that typically cause stress and/or social or occupational problems.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

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a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

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A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

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Dependent Personality Disorder

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personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone

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Mood Disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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Major Depressive Disorder

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A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Dysthymia

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A down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day, nearly everyday, for two years or more. Tend to experience chronic low energy and self-esteem, have difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and sleep and eat too much or too little

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Cyclothymia

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characterized by recurring episodes of mild elation and depression that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of bipolar disorder

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Serotonin

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a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons

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Norepinephrine

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helps control alertness and arousal.

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Mania

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic states

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Bipolar

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (manic depressive disorder)

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Learned Helplessness theory to depression

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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Optimistic explanatory style

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Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations

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Seasonal Pattern Specifier (SAD)

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Believed to be a form of depression caused by deprivation of sunlight. Ex. During dark winter months, people become more depressed.

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Schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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Delusions

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false beliefs, often by persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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Hallucinations

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sensory experiences without sensory stimulation and are usually auditory and take form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders

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Flat Affect

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a zombielike state of apparent apathy

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Catatonia

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remain motionless for hours on end and then become agitated

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Paranoid Schizophrenic

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preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

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Disorganized Schizophrenic

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disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

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Catatonic Schizophrenic

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immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements

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Undifferentiated Schizophrenic

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many and varied symptoms

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Residual Schizophrenic

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withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

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Dopamine Hypothesis

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Theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess amount of dopamine in brain. Research has found that medication to reduce dopamine can reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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Word Salad

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jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia

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Delusions of grandeur

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a delusion (common in paranoia) that you are much greater and more powerful and influential than you really are

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Persecutional Delusions

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a delusion where some mysterious other is following/chasing, causing things to occur, or forcing one to do something

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Echolalia

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(psychiatry) mechanical and meaningless repetition of the words of another person (as in schizophrenia)

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Echophraxia

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involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions

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Psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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Eclectic Approach/integration

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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Sigmund Freud

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Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939), Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

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Free Association

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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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Resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Transferring

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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Psychodynamic Therapists

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Try to understand a patient's current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship. They also help the person explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings.

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Interpersonal psychotherapy

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A brief (12-to 16-session) variation of psychodynamic therapy, has been effective in treating depression. It aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties, but its goal is symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change. Rather then focusing mostly on undoing past hurts and offering interpretations, the therapist focuses primarily on current relationships and on helping people improve their relationship skills.

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Humanistic Therapies

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Attempt to reduce the conflicts that are impeding natural developmental growth. They focus on: -the present and future more then the past -conscious rather then unconscious thoughts -taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants -promoting growth instead of curing illness

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Carl Rogers

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1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

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Client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine. accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth

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Non-directive therapy

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the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights

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Active Listening

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Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

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Unconditional positive regard

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given a nonjudgemental, grace-filled environment that provides unconditional positive regard, people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole

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Behavior Therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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Counterconditioning

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A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.

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Exposure therapy

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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Mary Cover Jones

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behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

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Systematic Desensitization

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A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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Aversive Conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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BF Skinner

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pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.

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Token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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Cognitive Therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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Aaron Beck

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pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

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Martin Seligman

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researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changes self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Group/Family therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.

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Psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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Rational-emotive Therapy (REBT)

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Albert Ellis's brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders.

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Biomedical therapy

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physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, overloading its circuits with electroconvulsive shock, using magnetic impulses to stimulate or dampen its activity, or altering its circuits through psychosurgery

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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Antianxiety Drugs

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Depress CNS activity. Used in combination with psychological therapy, an antianxiety drug can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli.

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Antidepressant Drugs

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Lift people up form a state of depression. This class of drugs works by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, neurotransmitters that elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression.

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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

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a class of antidepressant drugs that work specifically on increasing availability of the neurotransmitter serotonin by interfering with its reuptake

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Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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Lobotomy

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A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Abnormal Psychology Chapter 16-17 – Flashcards

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