Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1,2,3 – Flashcards
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abnormal psychology
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the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain,and change abnormal patterns of functioning.
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deviant
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different, unusual, extreme, bizarre
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distressing
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unpleasant and upsetting to the person
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dysfunctional
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interfering with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way.
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norms
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a societies stated and unstated rules for proper conduct
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Thomas Szas
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finds mental illnesses to be invalid or a myth, rather these people have problems in living.
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eccentricity
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an unusual pattern with which others have no right to interfere.
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treatment/therapy
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a procedure to help change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior.
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trephination
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an ancient operation in which a stone intstrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior. (release demons)
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exorcism
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coax evil spirits to leave or to make the body uncomfortable for them to live in.
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humors
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bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning. (yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm)
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tarantism
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thought to be bitten by a tarantula.
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lycanthropy
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possessed by wolves or other animals.
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Johann Weyer
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believed that the mind id susceptible to sickness like the body. founder of psychopathology.
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moral treatment
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a 19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment.
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Benjamin Rush
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spread moral treatment in America
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Dorthea Dix
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spread moral treatment in America and created state hospitals
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state hospitals
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state-run public mental institutions in the US
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somatic perspective phychogenic perspective
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the view that abnormal functioning has psychological causes the view that abnormal functioning has psychological casues.
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phychoanalysis
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either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathoogy.
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psychotropic medications
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drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning.
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deinstitutionalization
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the practice, begun in the 1960's, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from mental hospitals.
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managed care program
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a system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of services.
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psychoanalytic
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unconcscious psychological problems
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correlation
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the degree to which events or characteristics vary along with eachother
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epidemiological study
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a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population incidence=number of new cases prevalence=total number of cases
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correlational method
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a research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with eachother
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longitudinal studies
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a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time.
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random assignment
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a selection procedure that ensures that participants are randomly placed either in the control group or in the experimental group.
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blind design
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an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group.
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experimentor bias
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expectations that the experimentors unintentionally transmit to the participants (Rosenthal Effect)
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double blind design
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both experimenters and participants are "blind"
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quasi-experiments/mixed designs
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investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large.
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natural experiments
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nature, rather than the experimenter, manipulates an independent variable.
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analogue experiment
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the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in lab particpants and then condducts experiments on the participants.
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single-subject experimnetal design
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a single participant is observed and measured both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable.
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model
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a set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations.
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huntingtons disease
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violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, absurd beliefs, and involuntary body movements.
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psychotropic medication
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drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning.
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attatched to the patients forehead. (used for patients with depression)
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psychosurgery
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brain surgery for mental disorders, (EX:lobotomy)
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id ego superego
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produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses. employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle. represents a person's values and ideals (conscience)
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ego defense mechanisms
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strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse (repression)
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fixation
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the id, ego, and the superego do not mature property and are frozen at an early stage of development.
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ego theorists self theorists object relations theorists
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emphasize the role of the ego. greatest attention to the role of the self. people are motivated to mainly by a need to have relationships with others.
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free association
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the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind.
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resistance
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an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy. (changes subject, etc.)
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transference
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a redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life. (mom,dad,etc)
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catharsis
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the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems.
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dynamic focus
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single problem to be worked on during therapy.
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relational psychoanalytic therapy
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therapists are key figures in the lives of clients.
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operant conditioning
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a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated.
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modeling
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a process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.
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Pavlov
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classical conditioning
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systematic desensitization
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clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear.
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cognitive therapy
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Helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes. Aaron Beck
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acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
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clients accepts their problematic thoughts rather than judge them.
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self-actualization
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the humanistic process by which people fufill their potential for goodness and growth.
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Carl Rogers
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client-centered therapy
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Fritz Perls
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created gestalt therapy. clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and skillful frustration.
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existential therapy
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encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and values.
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family system therapy
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views the family as a system of intereacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.
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community mental health treatment
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a treatment approach that emphasizes community care. 1. primary-improve community attitudes and policies 2. secondary-identify and treat psychological disorders in the early stages 3. tetiary-provide effective treatment
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idiographic understanding
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the undertanding of the behavior of a particualr person.
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reliability
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a measure of consistency. (can be repeated with same results)
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validity
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the accuracy of a test or studies results. (measures/shows what it claims)
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predictive validity concurrent validity
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predict future characteristcs. assessments matching up.
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mental status exam
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a set of interview questions designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal funstioning.
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projective test
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a test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to.
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personality inventory
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measures broad personality characteristics
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response inventory
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measures a person's responses in one specific area of functioning.
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psychophysiological test
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measures physical responses as possible indicators of psychological problems. (EX:lie detector)
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neurological test
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directly measures brain structure/activity. (EX:EEG,brain waves)
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neuroimaging techniques
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provide images of brain structure or activity. (EX:CAT-x-ray of brain,PET-chemical activity,MRI-brain structures and neuroactivity)
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neuropsychological test
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a test that affects brain impairments by measuring a person's cognitive,perceptual, and motor performances. (EX:bender visual motor gestalt test)
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naturalistic observation analog observation
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everyday environment. artificial setting
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syndrome
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a cluster of stmptoms that usually occur together.
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classification syndrome
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a list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for diagnosis. (DSM-IV)
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reapproachment movement
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an effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists.
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lifetime prevelance rate
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how likely people will develop at any time in their lifetime.
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12 month prevalence rate
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proportion who experineced a mental illness in the last 12 months.
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most common psychiatric disorders (lifetime prevalence rate)
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1.major depression (17%) 2. alcohol dependance (14%) 3. social phobia (13%) 4. specific phobia (11%)
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most prevelant categories of psychiatric disorders
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1. anxiety disorders (29%) 2. mood disorders (21%) 3. substance abuse disorders (15%)
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lifetime prevalence of 1 disorder 12 month prevalence of one disorder
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48% 29%,
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no disorders 1 disorder 2 disorders 3 or more disorders
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52% 21% 13% 14%
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recieved treatment recieved treatment within the last year
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40% 20%
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criteria of abnormality
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1.quantitatively different 2. qualitatively different 3. reaction is out of proportion 4. statistically infrequent 5. violates social norms 6. dangerous
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DSM-IV criteria
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1.distress 2. impaired functioning
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denial
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refusing to accept the true nature of a threat
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Rogerian view
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infant has 2 basic needs 1. organismic needs (natural inborn sense of what is good for them) 2. need to be loved by parents
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aversice conditioning
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a therapy in which a pleasant stimuli is paired with an unpleasant stimuli in order to produce an aversion to the pleasant stimuli.
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gradual exposure/ in vivo exposure
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go up fear hierarchy from least to most while associating relaxation with the strategies.
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flooding
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start at the top of the fear hierarchy due to a time constraint.
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance of a cr following apparent extinction.
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interrater reliability
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extent to which clinicians agree with diagnosis they give
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information variance interpretation variance
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clinicians differ in the information they elicit from patients during an interview. clinicians vary in how observations are interpreted. b
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barnum effect
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the willingness of poeple to accept personality interpretations comprised of vague statements that would apply to most people in the general population.
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interrater reliability
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extent to which clinicians agree in the diagnoses they give.
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information variance
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clinicians differ in the information they elicit from patients during an interview.
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interpretation variance
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clinicians vary in how observations are interpreted.
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Scientific method
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a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
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psychopathic deviate
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items showing a gross disregard for social customs and emotional shallowness
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Hypochondiasis
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Self diagnose problems and blow them way out of proportion; truly believe something is wrong with them, if doctor says they are fine they will go to a new doctor; Treatment: They use a Placebo a lot of the time
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Schizophrenia
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a mental illness, a condition of losing touch with reality accompanied by reduced ability to function
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DSM
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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ICD
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international classification of diseases
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MMPI
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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EEG
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electroencephalogram
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CAT scan
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Computerized Axial Tomography
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PET scan
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Positron Emission Tomography, a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
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MRI scan
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magnetic resonance imaging scan, uses magnetic fields and radiowaves to produce computer generated images that distiguish among different types of brain tissue.
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GAF
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Global Assessment of Functioning
