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psychological disorder/abnormal behavior

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psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

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phobia

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psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

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scientist-practitioners

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mental health professionals who are expected to apply specific methods to their work.

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presenting problem

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original complaint reported by the client to the therapist

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clinical description

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details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

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prevalence

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number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

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incidence

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number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

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sex ratio

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percentage of men and women with a disorder

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course

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pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

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chronic course

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pattern of a disorder that is long-lasting, sometimes a lifetime

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episodic course

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pattern of a disorder alternating between recovery and recurrence

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time-limited course

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condition in which a disorder improves on its own in a relatively brief period

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acute onset

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sudden beginning of a disease or disorder

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insidious onset

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development of a disorder that occurs gradually over an extended period of time

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prognosis

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predicted future development of a disorder over time

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developmental psychology

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study of changes in behavior that occur over time

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developmental psychopathology

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study of changes in abnormal behavior that occur over time

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life-span developmental psychopathology

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study of psychological disorders over the entire age range

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etiology

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cause or source of a disorder

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exorcism

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religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body

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psychosocial treatment

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treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences including cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods

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moral therapy

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psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

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mental hygiene movement

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mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment

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psychoanalysis

answer

psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud

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behaviorism

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explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on priciples of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

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unconscious

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part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

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catharsis

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rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

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psychoanalytic model

answer

complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces

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id

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in psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic sexual and aggressive drives

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ego

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in psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

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superego

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in psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral principles of parents and society

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intrapsychic conflicts

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in psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego

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defense mechanisms

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common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations (in psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego)

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psychosexual stages of development

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in psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development (each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time

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castration anxiety

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in psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers

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neurosis

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obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause

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ego psychology

answer

derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts (also known as self-psychology)

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self-psychology

answer

derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts (also known as ego psychology)

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object relations

answer

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them

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collective unconscious

answer

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychdynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung

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free association

answer

psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious (the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring)

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dream analysis

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psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts

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psychoanalyst

answer

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either and M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training

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transference

answer

psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents

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psychodynamic psychotherapy

answer

contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific poblems

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self-actualizing

answer

process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

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person-centered therapy

answer

therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility

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unconditional positive regard

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acceptance by the counselor of the client's feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation

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behavioral model

answer

explanation of human behavior, including dysfucntion, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

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classical conditioning

answer

fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. an event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). after repeated pairings, the neutral stumulus becomes a conditioned stumulus that by itself can elicit the desired response

question

introspection

answer

early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked

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behavior therapy

answer

array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. it considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change

question

shaping

answer

in operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response (both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner)

question

extinction

answer

learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing

question

systematic desensitization

answer

behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation

question

reinforcement

answer

in operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency (positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors)

question

psychological dysfunction

answer

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

question

clinical psychologists

answer

person who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree in psychology and is trained to conduct research into the causes and treatment of severe psychological disorders, as well as to diagnose, assess, and treat them

question

counseling psychologists

answer

person who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree in psychology and is trained to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues in relatively healthy people

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psychiatrists

answer

person who has earned an M.D. and then has specialized in psychiatry during residency training. such a person is trained to investigate primarily the biological nature and causes of psychiatric disorders and to diagnose and treat them

question

psychiatric social workers

answer

person who has earned an M.S.W. (or D.S.W.) and is trained to work with social agencies to help psychologically disordered clients and their families

question

psychiatric nurses

answer

person with nursing training who sepcializes in care and treatment of psychiatric patients, usually in a hospital setting

question

marriage and family therapists/mental health counselor

answer

master's, employed to provide clinical services by hospital or clinics, usually under the supervision of a doctoral-level clinician

question

clinical

answer

refers both to the types of problems or disorders that you would find in a clinic or hospital and to the activities connected with assessment and treatment

question

supernatural model

answer

explanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that posits important roles for spirits, demons, grace, sin, and so on

question

psychological model

answer

explanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that emphasizes the influence of the social environment and early experience

question

biological model

answer

explanation of psychological dysfunction that primarily emphasizes brain disorder or illness as the cause

question

Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel's situation?

answer

distress

question

Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane's behavior?

answer

impairment in functioning, dysfunction

question

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly?

answer

examples of prognosis

question

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county.

answer

example of incidence

question

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety.

answer

example of presenting problem

question

Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders.

answer

examples of etiology

question

The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time-limited, or episodic.

answer

examples of course

question

How many people in the pupulation as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder?

answer

example of prevalence

question

acedia

answer

the sin of sloth

question

mass hysteria

answer

phenomenon in which people in groups share the same fear, delusion, abnormal behavior, or even physical symptoms as a result of psychological processes and suggestion

question

emotion contagion

answer

situation in which an emotional reaction spreads from one individual to others nearby

question

mob psychology

answer

in popular language, this shared response refers to a situation that in which one person identifies a "cause" of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source

question

humoral theory

answer

ancient belief that psychological disorders were caused by imbalances in bodily humors or fluids

question

melancholia

answer

depression

question

somatic symptom disorders

answer

previously known as somatization disorder; disorder involving extreme and long lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident

question

hysteron

answer

greek word for "uterus"

question

advanced syphilis

answer

sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors

question

psychosis

answer

psychological disorders characterized in part by beliefs that are not based in reality (delusions), perceptions that are not based in reality (hallucinations), or both

question

insulin shock therapy

answer

dangerous biological treatment involving the administration of large doses of insulin to induce seizures

question

electroconvulsive therapy

answer

ECT; biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. the reasons for its effectiveness are unknown

question

rauwolfia serpentina/reserpine

answer

an early medication derived from snakeroot plant that helps control the agitation and agressiveness of some psychotic patients

question

neuroleptics

answer

major antipsychotic medications; dopamine antagonists that diminish delusions, hallucinations, and aggressive behavior in psychotic patients, but may also cause serious side effects

question

benzodiazepines

answer

anti-anxiety drugs including valium, xanax, dalmine, and halcion, also used to treat insomnia. effective against anxiety and, at high potency, panic disorder. they show some side effects such as some cognitive and motor impairment and may result in substance-dependence. relapse rates are extremely high when the drug is discontinued.

question

Supernatural causes; evil demons took over the victims' bodies and controlled their behaviors.

answer

potential cure: exorcism; burning at the stake

question

The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids or humors

answer

potential cure: bloodletting; induced vomiting

question

Maladaptive behavior was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment.

answer

potential cure: patient placed in socially facilitative environments

question

insight

answer

fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events

question

three major facets of psychoanalytic theory

answer

1) the structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another 2) the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes or conflicts 3) the stages of early psychosexual development that provide grist for the mill of our inner conflicts

question

libido

answer

energy or drive within the id

question

thanatos

answer

the death instinct

question

pleasure principle

answer

the tendency to seek pleasure and minimize discomfort

question

primary process

answer

in psychodynamic theory the id's characteristic motive thinking, which is emotional, irrational, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, and envy

question

reality principle

answer

in psychodynamic theory the logical reasoning style of the ego that ensures that actions are practical and realisitc

question

displacement defense mechanism

answer

in which a person directs a problem impulse toward a safe substitute

question

sublimation

answer

psychodynamic defense mechanism in which a person redirects energy from conflict and anxiety into more constructive outlets such as work

question

coping styles

answer

contemporary terminology for defense mechanisms

Abnormal Psychology Ch. 1 (Dewitt, Cedarville University) – Flashcards

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