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Country schoolteacher from New England; remembered for his "American Spelling Book" nicknamed the "Blue-Backed Speller"; wrote the first dictionary of the American language; it was said of him, "He taught millions to read, but not one to sin."

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Noah Webster

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Nickname of the "American Spelling Book"; written by Noah Webster

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"Blue-Backed Speller"

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Presbyterian preacher; school-teacher; college professor from Pennsylvania; wrote a series of Eclectic Readers known as McGuffey's Readers

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William H. McGuffey

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Most widely used and distributed series of schoolbooks in America; taught Christian morals, geography, science, common sense, and patriotism; written by William H. McGuffey

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McGuffey's Eclectic Readers

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America's first public high school was founded in Boston

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1821

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Leader of public education in MA; the man largely responsible for the rapid growth of public education in the mid-1800; helped found the first school for the professional training of teachers (called a normal school)

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Horace Mann

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School for the professional training of teachers

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Normal School

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First operating state university, 1795

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University of North Carolina

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Founded in Ohio; the first coeducational college, 1833

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Oberlin College

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What people called the new public schools because parents did not have to pay tuition

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Free Schools

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College founded in Georgia that became the first college for women only, 1836

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Wesleyan College

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Philosophy of education that is concerned with passing on to new generations the body of knowledge and the great tradition of the past

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Traditional Education

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Organizations that conducted discussions and established libraries and public schools

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Lyceums

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Teacher and itinerant lecturer from Connecticut; pioneered the lyceum movement in the US

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Josiah Holbrook

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Publisher of the "New York Herald"

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James Gordon Bennett

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Publisher of the "New York Tribune"

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Horace Greeley

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First public library was started

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Charleston, South Carolina

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Invented the steel plow in the 1830s

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John Deere

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Invented the reaper, which made it easier to cut grain

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Cyrus McCormick

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Young school teacher from New England, revolutionized American cotton production; invented the cotton gin; produced standardized parts

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Eli Whitney

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Simple machine to separate the seed and the fiber in cotton; invented by Eli Whitney; greatly increased the production of cotton

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Cotton Gin

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Production "King" in the south

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Cotton

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South was raising over half of the ____ produced in the US as well as 1/3 of the ____ and over 1/4 of the _____.

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Corn, Oats, Wheat

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The two states that made the South the world's leading tobacco producer

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Virginia and Kentucky

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System of manufacturing in the home

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Domestic System

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Skilled English machinist who helped establish the first American textile factory in Rhode Island in 1790; "Father of the American Factory System"

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Samuel Slater

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Skilled American machinist improved the sewing machine and is credited with making the sewing machine a common household appliance

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Isaac Merrit Singer

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Inventor of a power loom

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Francis Cabot Lowell

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Inventor of the much-improved sewing machine in 1846

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Elias Howe

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Scotsman credited with inventing the first practical steam engine

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James Watt

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First American to develop a high-pressure steam engine in the late 1700s

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Oliver Evans

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Roads that logs were placed side by side to form a road that kept wheels from sinking but caused horses to stumble and wagons to jar their riders mercilessly

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"Corduroy Road"

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One of the earliest of the "corduroy roads" which connected Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia

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Lancaster Turnpike

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Later called the National Road; connected Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia, and eventually ran all the way to Vandalia, Illinois.

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Cumberland Road

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British engineer; constructed Macadam Roads

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John Loudon McAdam

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Roads that were raised above their surrounding terrain to aid drainage, and were constructed of tightly packed layers of crushed rock bound together by fine gravel.

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Macadam Roads

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Credited with building the first practical steamboat; had a steamboat called "Clermont"

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Robert Fulton

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Erie Canal was completed

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1825

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Deserves much of the credit of the construction of the Erie Canal

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DeWitt Clinton

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A 13-mile stretch of track that was opened, 1830; on which Peter Cooper's engine, the "Tom Thumb", made its trial run

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Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

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The 17-mile railroad that connected Albany and Schenectady

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Mohawk and Hudson Railroad

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America's greatest contribution to the history of sailing vessels

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Clipper Ships

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Inventor of the telegraph; typed the first message of the telegraph, "What hath God wrought!"

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Samuel F. B. Morse

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American naval officer and oceanographer; sometimes called the "Pathfinder of the Seas"; helped plot the route for the laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable from Newfoundland to Ireland

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Matthew Maury

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Completed a permanent transatlantic cable in 1857

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Cyrus Field

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Private company was started in April of 1860 to carry the U.S. mail between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California

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The Pony Express

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Because industrialization increased these two classes of people began to emerge

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Investors and Laborers

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Money or property

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Capital

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Businesses owned mutually by a number of investors who buy stock in them

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Corporations

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Largest number of immigrants came from this country

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Ireland

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Second largest group of immigrants to come to America

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Germans

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Made it easier to cut grain

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Reaper

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Allows farmers to separate grain from chaff more efficiently

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Thresher

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Manufacturing in a factory

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Factory System

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First practical steamboat; built by Robert Fulton in 1807

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Clermont

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Connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, spanning New York state; completed in 1825

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Erie Canal

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large, sturdy sailing vessels that carried passengers and freight across the Atlantic in 18 - 21 days by the 1820s.

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Packet Ships

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Private Company started in April of 1860 to carry the US mail.

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Pony Express

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Cotton

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The Southern crop called "king"

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Clipper ship

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Fastest sailing ship built in America

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Irish

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Nationality of most immigrants between 1820 and 1850

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Baltimore, MD; Cumberland, VA; Wheeling, VA; Columbus, OH; Indianapolis, IN; and Terre Haute, IN

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The cities connected by the National Road

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Erie Canal

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Canal that connected Albany with Rome in New York

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The atmosphere of liberty and the influence of Christianity in America gave the people a keen thirst for knowledge. From the beginning Americans realized the importance of a sound education, both for themselves and and their posterity. Convinced that a free people must be an educated people, they determined to prepare their children to maintain the freedoms that had been bestowed upon the US.

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Why did most Americans place such a high value on education?

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Basic subject matter such as history, geography, science, grammar, and literature through Scripture passages, character-building stories, and lessons in morality and patriotism. These textbooks had a tremendous impact on American history. The books also instilled strong character, good citizenship, love of country, fear fo God, and respect for His Word in generations American schoolchildren. Early American textbooks reflected the high standards of morality among the American people.

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What did children learn through early American textbooks?

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Working by hand, one slave could clean about one pound of cotton a day; a power-driven gin could allow one slave to clean over 1000 pounds per day. Because of the cotton gin, cotton production became a profitable enterprise in the South. However, it was necessary to have a lot of cheap labor to harvest large cotton crops, and that was where slavery came in. Slavery had been dying out as an institution until the cotton gin.

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How did the cotton gin revolutionize the South and establish slavery?

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Advancements in technology and manufacturing cannot take place in a country that does not make improvements in agriculture. If a nation is to devote a large labor force to industrialization, its farmers must produce enough to feed themselves plus the industrial workers. To be more efficient and productive though, farmers need the advancements in agricultural equipment that only technology and manufacturing can make available.

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Why do agricultural advancement and industrial expansion go hand in hand?

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New machines, new ways of making a living, and new opportunities foretold the coming of modern American.

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How does industrialization benefit society?

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Investors bought stock in a business allowing the businessmen to accumulate capital to further their ventures while the investors received a share of the profits. Manufacturing requires large numbers of laborers to do the work of the business.

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Why are both investor and laborers needed for growth industry and prosperity?

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They both left behind governments that hampered their political freedoms; they also faced tremendous economic hardships.

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Why did so many Germans and Irish immigrate to the US?

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Immigrants came to America because she offered them an opportunity for personal freedom that they would not get anywhere else in the world.

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Why was immigration to the US so much greater than to other countries?

Abeka American History Chapter 13

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