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Warren G. Harding:

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President in 1921. Was unable to detects moral halitosis in his evil associates.

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Republican Party Candidates:

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Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Harding won.

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The best minds of the Republican party:

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Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, who was masterful, imperious, incisive, and brilliant. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover,famed wartime food administration, and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon.

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Herbert Hoover:

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Secretary of Commerce. He urged businesses to regulate themselves rather than be regulated by the big government.

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Charles Evans Hughes:

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Secretary of State. Secured for American oil companies the right to share in the exploitation of the oil riches in the Middle East.

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The worst minds:

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Senator Albert B. Fall of New Mexico, scheming anti-conservationist, became secretary of the interior. Harry M. Daugherty took over the reigns as attorney general. Was a small-town lawyer but a big time crook in the "Ohio Gang"

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What Republican party wanted:

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Wanted less direct government action and more through cooperation with big business and guide them to the path of profit. A McKinley style, crushing reforms that sprouted from progressive era. Hoped to improve lassez-faire.

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Supreme Courts effects in early 20's

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Axed progressive legislation. Killed federal child labor law, restricted government intervention in the economy. In the Adkins v. Children's Hospital case, the court reversed the Muller v. Oregon which gave women protection in the workplace. Because of 19th Amendment, women had to be treated = to men.

question

Interstate Commerce Commission:

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Men who were in-charge were sympathetic to railroads. The Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920 encouraged private consolidation of the railroads and pledged the Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee their profitability. "To save the railroads for the country" was new philosophy.

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Merchant Marine Act of 1920/La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915:

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M: authorized the shipping board which controlled 1,500 vessels to dispose of hastily built wartime fleet at low prices. L: without this, American shipping couldn't thrive in competition with foreigners, who received wretched food and bad wages.

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Unions in the early 20's:

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Railway Labor board was formed and it ordered to cut wages of 12%-provoked strikes. Gen. Daugherty ended the strike. Unions withered away by almost 30%. Adjusted compensation Act: gave former soldiers a paid-up insurance policy due in 20 years-added $3.5 billion to cost of war. Coolidge vetoed this but congress overrode.

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U.S. Relationship with League of Nations:

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Harding didn't support it. Lack of U.S. participation doomed the league.

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Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921-1922:

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Resulted in a plan that kept a 5:5:3 ratio of ships that could be held by the U.S., Britain, and Japan (in that order). This surprised many delegates at the conference (notably, the Soviet Union, which was not recognized by the U.S., was not invited and did not attend).

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The Power Treaties:

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Five-Power Naval Treaty: embodied Hughes's ideas on ship ratios, but only after Japanese received compensation. Four-Power Treaty: bound Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S. to preserve the status quo in the Pacific, replaced the 20-year-oldAnglo-Japanese Alliance. Nine-Power Treaty: kept the open door open in China. U.S. would agree to everything so the whole thing was useless.

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Frank B. Kellogg:

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Calvin Coolidge's secretary of State. won Nobel prize. Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact: known as the Pact of Paris, it was ratified by 62 nations in the outlawry of war- A peace movement.

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Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

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Businessmen did not want Europe flooding American markets with cheap goods after the war, so congress passed this. Tariff was raised from 27% to 39%.

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Scandals:

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Charles R. Forbes: caught with his hand in the money bag and resigned as the head of the Veterans' Bureau. He looted the government for over $200 million. Teapot Dome Scandal: Albert B. Fall leased land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a "loan" (actually a bribe) of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.

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Harding's Death:

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Embarked on a speech making tour across the country. When returning he dies in San Francisco of pneumonia and thrombosis. Coolidge took over.

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Trouble for Farmers:

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Machines led to an over production of crops. After war, foreign production reentered the stream of world commerce, was not just dependent on U.S. anymore. Capper-Volstead Act: exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution. McNary-Haugen Bill: sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the gov. to buy up surplus and sell them abroad. Coolidge vetoed but congress overrode it.

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Three-way Presidential Race in 1924:

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Rep: Coolidge. Democrats split: "wets" and "drys", Urbanites and farmers, Fundamentalists and Modernists, northern liberals and southern stand-patters, immigrants and old-stock Americans. Dem: John W. Davis, a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P Morgan. New progressive party: Robert La Follette from Wisconsin, was supported by the American Federation of Labor and the shrinking Socialist party, but mainly from the "price pinched" farmers. Coolidge won.

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Plat form of NPP:

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gov. ownership of RR, and relief for farmers. Lashed out on monopoly and antilabor injunctions, urged a constitutional amendment to limit Supreme court's power to invalidate laws passed by Congress.

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Troops in Dominican Rep., Haiti, and Nicaragua,

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DR: withdrawn. Haiti: remained. N: briefly removed American bayonets from N then sent them back.

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International debts:

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The French and British thought it was unfair to pay back the debt because by the time U.S. came into war, they had already lost a lot of people. Allies, in-order to pay U.S. back, demanded that Germany owed them $32 billion. Germans printed out "paper" money that cause inflation to soar. Dawes Plan somewhat solved this.

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Dawes Plan:

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By Charles Dawes, about to be Coolidge's running mate, rescheduled German reparations payments and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.

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Election of 1928:

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Rep: Hoover-socialism and rugged individualism. Dem: Alfred E. Smith. Radio was an important factor in this election. Hoover won with support of rep and dry dem.

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Agricultural Market Act:

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designed to help farmers help themselves. It set up Federal Farm Board, money went to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses. FB created Grain stabilization corporation and the CSC. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff: rose the protective tariff to the highest its ever been 60%.-put america closer to depression and WW2.

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Cause of depression in 1929:

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All of the products that were being made in factories and farms, consistent rise in stock market, Hoover's fruitless efforts to curb speculation through Federal Reserve Board. British raised interest rates to bring back capital lured abroad by American investments.

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Hoovervilles:

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Parts of cities in which the homeless built little shacks.

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Trickle down Economics:

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Hoover would assist the hard-pressed railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations, in hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle down basis.

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation(RFC):

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Assisted insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, rr, and local gov. Symbolized that the republicans realized that some federal action was required during the Great Depression.

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Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act of 1932:

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Outlawed "yellow-dog" (anti-union) contracts and forbade federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing (all good for unions).

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Bonus Expeditionary Force:

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Created gigantic "Hoovervilles" in order to intimidate congress-they wanted their bonus. General Douglas MacArthur evicted them with tear gas after Hoover falsely charged them as "reds". That brought down his vote even more.

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The Stimson Doctrine:

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Declared that the U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force.

A.P.U.S.H Chapter: 32 – Flashcards

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