question

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

answer

central

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Anesthetics administered into the epidural space are advantageous because __________.

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the effect is localized and only sensory

question

Tom is a football player who gets hit hard from behind along his spine. About a week later, he is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, an infection of the CSF carried through the bloodstream. Given that the infection was associated with blood, which hypothesis is most likely to have occurred?

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The pia matter tore away from the spinal cord, damaging the associated blood vessels, which leaked into the subarachnoid space

question

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.

answer

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

question

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is confined between the __________ and the __________.

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pia mater; arachnoid mater

question

Spinal nerves are

answer

both sensory and motor.

question

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain

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cell bodies of sensory neurons.

question

The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ segments.

answer

thirty-one

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The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

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axons of sensory neurons.

question

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

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axons of motor neurons.

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The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

answer

dura mater.

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If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

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sensory input would be blocked.

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The subdural space lies between

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the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

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The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

answer

pia mater

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A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

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spinal nerve.

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In meningitis,

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inflammation of the meninges occurs. viruses can be the cause. CSF flow can be disrupted. bacteria can be the cause. All of the answers are correct.

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In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

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L1

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Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

answer

Loss of sensation in his torso

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The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed

answer

quadriplegia.

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The dorsal root contains ________ neurons.

answer

sensory

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During the procedure known as a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region.

answer

lumbar puncture

question

The major anatomical difference between gray matter and white matter is __________.

answer

the presence of myelinated axons

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The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.

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posterior

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The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

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sensory nuclei

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Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

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white columns.

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The white matter of the spinal cord contains

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bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

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As they were examining Joe in the ER, Joe was poked with a pin in a sequential pattern from his chest down to his abdomen. Joe could feel the pinpricks until just inferior to his navel, but then nothing below that. What root into the spinal cord is this sensory information traveling through?

answer

through the ventral ramus into the dorsal root ganglion

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Which nerve plexus is most likely impacted by Joe's injury?

answer

lumbar

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Both poliomyelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome can involve paralysis where control over skeletal muscle function is lost. What is the neurotransmitter that a motor neuron uses to communicate with a skeletal muscle?

answer

acetylcholine

question

Which of the following nerves do not innervate the ankle and the foot?

answer

fibular nerve a branch of the sciatic nerve sural nerve All of these nerves innervate the ankle and the foot.

question

Which of the following nerves is not part of the sensory innervation in the hand?

answer

musculocutaneous nerve

question

Shingles that manifest themselves in close proximity to the umbilical region stem from an infection within spinal nerves emerging from which spinal segments?

answer

thoracic

question

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.

answer

dorsal ramus

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Neuronal pools are described as __________.

answer

functional groups of interconnected neurons

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While building a doghouse, Tom misses the nail and hits his thumb with the hammer instead. The pain sensation is immediate and intense. Which of the following is the pattern of neuronal pool interaction most likely to process that sensation?

answer

serial processing

question

You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit.

answer

parallel

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Interneurons are organized into functional groups called

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neuronal pools.

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Which of these is NOT one of the essential components of a monosynaptic reflex?

answer

integration processing in the CNS

question

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.

answer

sensory receptor afferent axon efferent axon All of the listed responses are correct.

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All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they

answer

cannot be modified by the brain.

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Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

answer

innate

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Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following except

answer

whether they are sensory or motor.

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The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n)

answer

reflex arc.

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________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.

answer

Somatic

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The most complicated spinal reflexes are called

answer

intersegmental reflex arcs

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You have a pair of new sneakers. As you walk along the corridor, your foot catches. Immediately, your body responds and you are able to catch yourself before falling. Which reflex was executed?

answer

crossed extensor reflex

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The polysynaptic reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.

answer

tendon

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The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

answer

crossed extensor

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The flexor reflex

answer

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

question

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called

answer

contralateral.

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Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called

answer

ipsilateral.

question

Which of the following is an example of the brain modifying reflex patterns?

answer

when someone holds their breath when a person deliberately walks on hot coals when someone keeps postponing emptying a full urinary bladder All of the listed responses are correct.

question

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.

answer

reinforcement

question

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

answer

why you close your eyes when you sneeze

question

What type of information is communicated through the ventral root of the spinal cord?

answer

Somatic motor Visceral motor

question

Sensory information entering the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve is most likely coming from which part of the body?

answer

Exteroreceptors on back

question

Damage to which branch of the spinal nerve is likely only to have an effect on the muscles of the limbs?

answer

The ventral ramus

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