PH: 440 CHAPTER 7 – Flashcards

-specialization among the workforce increases personnel costs, as additional employees are required to perform specific tasks -hospitals, in particular, are employing individuals trained in more than one skill. A larger number of combinations are feasible: occupational therapy assistants are also serving as physical therapy assistants, radiologic technologists are performing ultrasound, and a variety of nonclinical personnel are performing phlebotomy

-licensure: in licensure, the state law defines the scope of practice to be regulated and the educational and testing requirements that must be met to engage in the practice. Intended to restrict entry or practice in certain occupations and to prevent the use of professional titles by those without predetermined qualifications -certification: the regulating process under which a state or voluntary professional organizations, such as a national board, attests to the education achievements and performance abilities of persons in a health care field of practice. It is much less restrictive regulation than licensing and means that the individual has obtained advanced or specialized training in that area of practice -registration: began as a mechanism to facilitate contacts and relationships among members of a profession and potential employers or the public. It is the least rigorous of regulatory process, ranging from simple listings or registries of persons offering a service, such as private duty nurses, to national registration programs of professional or occupational groups that require educational and testing qualifications

-in a period of 3-8 years, depending on the specialty, residency qualifies a physician for certification in 1 of 24 medical specialty boards -further residency training, often called a fellowship, can lead to a certificate in 1 of over 100 subspecialties

-the responsibility of evaluating the credentials of international medical graduates entering the United States to enter residency programs lies with the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, a private nonprofit organization sponsored by major U.S. medical organizations, including the American Association of Medical Colleges -approximately 6,000 IMGs enter the U.S. each year to meet the annual shortfall of U.S. medical school graduates.

-background portion: RNs are healthcare workers that could be trained in 2 year associate degree, 2 to 3 year diploma program offered through a hospital, or a 4 to 5 year bachelor of science degree program at a university or college. MUST PASS STATE LICENSING EXAMINATION -roll of a registered nurse has evolved from becoming more proficient in domestic responsibility to now becoming educated individuals that scope of practice extends bed-side care to competence for teaching, supervision, and advanced practice -LPNs (Licensed Practical Nurses): work under supervision of RN or physician. MUST PASS STATE LICENSING EXAMINATION. Work differs from an RN because their training is one year

-the doctors of nursing science degrees are professional doctorates that prepare the nurse for advanced clinical practice. -the nursing PhD is an academic degree with requirements similar to PhD in other fields, extensive preparation in a narrow field and a dissertation. -DSN, DNP, and DNS, DNSC, PhD

-neonatal nurse practitioner: work with newborn -pediatric nurse practitioners: treat children from infancy through adolescence -school nurse practitioners: serve students in elementary and secondary schools, colleges, and universe -adult and family nurse practitioners: generalists who serve adults and families -occupational health nurse practitioner: serve people with mental or emotional problems -geriatric nurse practitioner: care for older adults around medicare age -nurse midwife: aid with the delivering of babies -nurse anesthetist: work with physician anesthesiologists provide comprehensive care to patients who need anesthesia 1) nurse practitioners (NPs) are registered nurses with advanced education and clinical experience with National Certification and Re-certification are Necessary --registered nurse with a master's degree in a specialty listed above

-advanced practice specialists with in-depth knowledge and skill that aids with a role that respond to the specific nursing care needs of increasingly complex patients

-doctor of dental surgery degree -doctor of dental medicine

1. dental public health 2. endodontics 3. oral and maxillofacial pathology 4. oral and maxillofacial radiology 5. oral and maxillofacial surgery 6. orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics 7. pediatric dentistry 8. periodontics 9. prosthodontics

-neither dental education nor dental practice model have traditionally placed a high priority on the creation of dental safety for under served populations, most recent interest to delivery for under severed populations has generated additional recruitment efforts to address dental care delivery crisis

A) 1. nuclear pharmacy 2. nutrition support pharmacy 3. oncology pharmacy 4. pharmacotherapy 5. psychcare pharmacy 6. pediatric pharmacy 7. psychiatric pharmacy 8. ambulatory care pharmacy B) community pharmacies and drugstores, and hospitals C) 6 years post-secondary study will grant a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) D) older pharmacists may have a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree

-bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs but bachelor's degree in medical administration is considered minimum entry-level educational degree required for higher level management positions -there is also short certificate or diploma programs usually lasting less than a year

1) laboratory technologists and technicians-clinical laboratory technologists and technicians have critically important role in the diagnosis of disease, monitoring of physiologic function and the effectiveness of intervention and application of highly technical procedures 2)therapeutic scientists-practitioners of the therapeutic sciences are essential to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with diseases and injuries of all kinds 3)behavioral scientists-are crucial in social, psychological, and community and patient educational activities related to health maintenance, prevention of disease, and accommodation of patients to disability 4)support services-are necessary for highly complex and sophisticated system of health care function. Service specialist perform administrative and management duties and often work closely with direct providers of healthcare services

-physician assistant-provide health care under the supervision of a physician, formally trained to provide diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic health care services as delegated by the physician. -PAs take medical histories, order and interpret laboratory test and x-rays, make diagnoses, and prescribe medications as allowed by law in 50 states and the district of Columbia. -most accredited education programs offer a master's degree, some offer bachelor's and few offer associate's degree -medical assistants-perform routine clinical and clerical task

-Allied health must be: 1. laboratory technologist and technicians 2. therapeutic science practitioners 3. behavioral therapist 4. supportive care -CAM- is defined as a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practitioners and products not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine

-naturopathic doctors- have made great strides in the last few years, they do not have medical degrees and are trained in loosely monitored schools, they are able to generate strong public support within state legislatures

-changing nature of disease, disability, and treatment, physician supply, technology, expansion of home care and corporatization of health care

-the adequacy of supply of health professionals such as nurses, allied health professionals, primary care physicians, and geriatricians -the geographic distributions of health professionals, especially short-ages in rural and under-served urban areas -the underrespresentation of minorities in all health professions -the potential supply and poor distribution of specialty physicians -the question about the appropriate scope of practice for various health professionals and concern about legal restrictions on scope or practice for non-physician practitioners -the concern about quality and relevance of the health profession's educational programs; whether educational institutions are producing the health professionals needed for an effective and productive workforce in the 21st century -the cost associated with educating health professional. The competency testing of health care professionals -the redefinition of health professions as technology and delivery system change, as carious professions reconsider the credentials needed to practice within the profession -the concern about the supply of faculty to train health professionals

-complex supply and demand factors influence workforce requirements and the prediction of future requirements is severely confounded by the lack of uniform data at national state levels across the professions --supply factors include variables such as income variations among professions, licensure requirements, and transfer-ability skills --demand is affected by factors such as population demographic characteristics, consumer expectations, and payment systems

-behavioral scientists include professionals in social work, health education, community mental health, alcoholism and drug abuse services, and other health and human service areas -bachelor's or master's level degree professionals in these fields counsel and support individuals and families in addressing the personal, economic and social problems associated with illness, addictions, employment challenges and disabilities.

-a regulatory process, much less stringent than licensure, under which a state or professional organization attests to an individual's advanced training and performance abilities in a field of health care practice -specific professions set certification standards for approval by their respective state or professional organizations

-health information administrators are responsible for the activities of the medical records departments of hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, managed care organizations, rehabilitation centers, ambulatory care facilities, and other licensed health care entities. -they maintain information systems to permit patient data to be received, recorded, stored, and retrieved to assist in diagnosis and treatment and supply research data for tracking disease patterns, evaluating the quality of patient care, verifying insurance claims, and maintaining patient record confidentiality. -a bachelor's degree in health information administration is the entry-level credential

-physicians trained in medical schools outside the United States who fill the annual shortfall in U.S. medical school graduates required to staff hospitals. -responsibility for evaluating credentials of IMGs entering the United States' residency programs lies with the educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates

-clinical laboratory personnel who analyze body fluids, tissues, and cells checking bacteria and other micro-organisms -analyze chemical content of body fluids, test drug levels in blood to monitor the effectiveness of treatment, and match blood for transfusion. -technologists typically have a bachelor's or higher degree; technicians typically hold associate's degrees or certificates

-the most restrictive form of health professional regulation is administered by individual states -it defines a professional's scope of practice and educational and testing requirements to legally engage in the practice of a profession

-a division of the national institutes of health devoted to conducting and reporting on research focused on complementary and alternative therapies

-a registered nurse typically with a masters degree, who may specialize in a particular are of nursing practice such as primary care, geriatrics, psychiatry, emergency medicine, or other medical fields -nurse practitioners function under the supervision of physicians and provide diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic health care services and may prescribe medications as allowed by law as delegated by physicians

-a philosophy of medical education with particular focus on the musculoskeletal system. -graduates receive a DO rather than MD degree and are considered as rigorously trained and qualified as their MD degree counterparts

-provides health care services under the supervision of a physician. (most hold master's degrees) -PAs are trained to provide diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic health care services as delegated by physicians. PAs take medical histories, order and interpret laboratory tests and x-rays, make diagnosis, and prescribe medications as allowed by law -many PAs are employed in specialties such as internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, orthopedics, emergency medicine, and surgery

-begun as a method to facilitate contacts among professionals and potential employers, registration is the least restrictive form of health professional regulation. -most registration programs are voluntary and range from listings of individuals offering a specific service to professional or occupational groups requiring educational qualifications and testing

-therapeutic sciences practitioners include physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech language pathology and audiology therapists, radiation therapists, and respiratory therapists, representing some of the allied health disciplines in this category. -depending on their field, therapeutic science practitioners' required credentials range from bachelor's degree to doctoral level educational preparation