question

-cele

answer

hernia, tumor, swelling

question

cyst/o

answer

urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid

question

dia-

answer

through, btwn, apart, complete

question

-ectasis

answer

stretching, dilation, enlargement

question

glomerul/o

answer

glomerulus

question

lith/o

answer

stone,calculus

question

-lysis

answer

breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening

question

nephr/o

answer

kidney

question

-pexy

answer

surgical fixation

question

pyel/o

answer

renal pelvis, bowl of kidney

question

-tripsy

answer

to crush

question

ur/o

answer

urine, urinary tract

question

ureter/o

answer

ureter

question

urethr/o

answer

urethra

question

-uria

answer

urination, urine

question

Kidneys

answer

constantly filter blood to remove waste products and excess water. Also help maintain proper level of fluid, produce hormones that control BP & make RBC, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones

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Retroperitoneal

answer

means behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

question

Renal cortex

answer

is the outer region of the kidney, contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons

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Medulla

answer

is the inner region of kidney & it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

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Nephrons

answer

are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. Urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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Glomerulus

answer

What nephron contain, is a cluster of capillaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called Bowman's capsule and a renal tubule

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Renal pelvis

answer

is the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex & medulla. It is where newly formed urine from nephrons collects b4 it flows into ureters

question

Urethral meatusrethra

answer

is tube extending from bladder to exterior of body, has two urinary sphincters (one located at either end of urethra)also known as urinary meatus, is external opening of urethra. (meatus means external opening of a canal)

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Prostate gland

answer

which is part of male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra

question

Urination

answer

also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine

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Nephrologist

answer

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of kidneys

question

Urologist

answer

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of urinary system of females & genitourinary system of males

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Nephropathy

answer

means any disease of kidney, includes both degenerative & inflammatory conditions

question

Diabetic nephropathy

answer

is kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus

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Renal failure

answer

also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions

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Uremia

answer

also known as uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised & urea and other waste products normally secreted in urine are retained in blood.

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Acute renal failure

answer

has sudden onset & is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in BV or BP cuz of injury, burns or a severe infection.

question

Chronic kidney disease

answer

also known as chronic renal disease, or kidney failure, is progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease

question

End-stage renal disease

answer

is final stage of chronic kidney disease, & this condition is fatal unless functions of failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or w/ successful kidney transplant

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Nephrotic syndrome

answer

also known as nephrosis, is a grp of conditions in which excessive amt of protein r lost through urine, usually caused by dmg to kidney's glomeruli, result in abnormally low lvl of protein in blood

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Edema

answer

is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome & other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in area around eyes, abdomen, or legs & feet

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Hyperproteinuria

answer

is presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in urine

question

Hypoproteinemia

answer

is presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in blood

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Hydronephrosis

answer

is dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys, this condition can be caused by problems associated w/ backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as nephrolith or stricture (narrowing) in ureter

question

Nephritis

answer

is an inflammation of kidney or kidneys, the most common causes of nephritis r toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease

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Glomerulonephritis

answer

is a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of glomeruli that caused RBC & proteins to leak into urine

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Nephroptosis

answer

also known as a floating kidney, is prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into pelvic area when patient stands (-ptosis means droop or sag, prolapse means slipping or falling out of place)

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Nephropyosis

answer

also known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of kidney. Suppuration means the formation or discharge of pus

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Polycystic kidney disease

answer

is a genetic disorder characterized by growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in kidneys. These cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of kidney, reduce kidney function & this eventually leads to kidney failure

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Renal colic

answer

is an acute pain in kidney area that is caused by blockage during passage of a nephrolith. Colic means spasms of pain in the abdomen

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Wilms tumor

answer

is a rare type of malignant tumor of kidney that occurs in young children

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Stone

answer

also known as calculus, is an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed w/in body & is named for organ or tissue where it is located

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Nephrolithiasis

answer

describes presence of stones in kidney, as these stones travel w/ the flow of urine, they r named for location where they become lodged

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Nephrolith

answer

also known as a kidney stone or a renal calculus, is found in kidney

question

Ureterolith

answer

is a stone located anywhere along ureter

question

Cystolith

answer

is a stone located w/in urinary bladder

question

Hydroureter

answer

is condition of distention (swelling) of ureter w/ urine that cannot flow cuz ureter is blocked

question

Ureterectasis

answer

is distention (enlargement) of a ureter (-ectasis means enlargement)

question

Ureterorrhagia

answer

is discharge of blood from ureter (-rrhagia means bleeding)

question

Cystalgia & cystodynia

answer

both mean pain in bladder

question

Cystocele

answer

also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of bladder through vaginal wall, this sometimes occurs as a result of pregnancy or childbirth

question

Interstitial cystitis

answer

is a chronic inflammation w/in walls of bladder. The symptoms are similar to those of cystitis, but do not respond to traditional treatment.

question

Vesicovaginal fistula

answer

is an abnormal opening btwn bladder & vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from bladder into vagina (vesic/o means bladder, vagin means vagina), may be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery such as hysterectomy Fistula - is an abnormal passage btwn two internal organs.

question

Neurogenic bladder

answer

is a urinary problem caused by interference w/ normal nerve pathways associated w/ urination.

question

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

answer

also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, is an enlargement of prostate gland that most often occurs in men > age 50.

question

Prostatism

answer

is a disorder resulting from compression or obstruction of urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostat means prostate gland)

question

Prostate cancer

answer

is one of most common cancers among men, disease can grow slowly w/ no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively & spread thru-out body

question

Prostatitis

answer

is a grp of disorders characterized by inflammation of prostate gland (chronic nonbacterial prostatitis w/ no single known cause; bacterial prostatisis result from bacteria xport in urine)

question

Urethrorrhagia

answer

is bleeding from urethra

question

Urethrorrhea

answer

is an abnormal discharge from urethra, is associated w/ some sexually transmitted diseases

question

Urethrostenosis

answer

or urethral stricture, is narrowing of urethra, occurs almost exclusively in men & is caused by scarring from infection or injury

question

Epispadias

answer

is a congenital abnormality of urethral opening. In male, urethral opening is located on upper surface of penis. In female, urethral opening is in region of clitoris

question

Hypospadias

answer

is a congenital abnormality of urethral opening. In male, urethral opening is on ventral surface (underside) of penis. In female, urethra opens into vagina.

question

Urinary tract infection

answer

usually begins in bladder; however, such an infection can affect all part of urinary sys. Common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E. coli, entering urinary sys thru urethra, occur more in women than man

question

Cystitis

answer

is an inflammation of bladder

question

Pyelitis

answer

is an inflammation of renal pelvis

question

Pyelonephritis

answer

is an inflammation of both renal pelvis and of kidney, this is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from bladder

question

Urethritis

answer

is an inflammation of urethra

question

Anuria

answer

is the absence of urine formation by kidneys, is often caused by a failure in kidney function, or a urinary tract obstruction

question

Diuresis

answer

is increased output of urine (diur means increasing output of urine, -esis means an abnormal condition)

question

Dysuria

answer

is difficult, or painful urination, is frequently associated w/ urinary tract infections

question

Enuresis

answer

is involuntary discharge of urine (-uresis means urination)

question

Nocturnal enuresis

answer

is urinary incontinence during sleep, it is also known as bed-wetting.

question

Nocturia

answer

is frequent & excessive urination during night

question

Oliguria

answer

means scanty urination, this can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction. Opposite of polyuria.

question

Polyuria

answer

means excessive urination & is a common symptom of diabetes, opposite of oliguria.

question

Urinary hesitancy

answer

is difficulty in starting a urinary stream, is most common in older men w/ enlarged prostate glands. In younger ppl, inability to urinate when another person is present is known as bashful bladder syndrome.

question

Urinary retention

answer

also known as ischuria, is inability to completely empty bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is more common in men & is frequently associated w/ an enlarged prostate gland.

question

Incontinence

answer

is inability to control excretion of urine, feces, or both

question

Urinary incontinence

answer

is the inability to control the voiding of urine

question

Overflow incontinence

answer

is continuous leaking from bladder either cuz it is full or cuz it doesn't empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra & is prevalent in older men w/ enlarged prostates

question

Stress incontinence

answer

is inability to control voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing. This occurs much more often in women than in men.

question

Overactive bladder

answer

also known as urge incontinence, occurs when muscles of bladder contract involuntarily even tho bladder is not actually full enough to indicate need to urinate. Common in adults >40 and caused by excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, urinary tract infections, neurological diseases, or bladder or prostate problems

question

Urinalysis

answer

is examination of urine to determine presence of abnormal elements. It is used to diagnose diseases as well as to detect presence of substance such as illegal drugs

question

Bladder ultrasound

answer

is use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of bladder by an enlarged prostate, & to measure residual amt of urine remaining in bladder after urination. (normal bladder holds btwn 300-400 mL)

question

Urinary catheterization

answer

is insertion of a tube into bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. Also used to drain urine from bladder when patient is unable to urinate for other reasons or to place medication into bladder.

question

Cystoscopy

answer

is visual examination of urinary bladder w/ use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope. Cystoscope is also used for treatment procedures such as removal of tumors or reduction of an enlarged prostate gland

question

Voiding cystourethrography

answer

is a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine flow of urine from bladder & through urethra, is often performed after cystography

question

Computed tomography

answer

also known as a CAT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of urinary sys cuz it can be rapidly performed & provides additional imaging of abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for patient's symptoms (Nephrotomography is use of a CAT scan to examine kidneys)

question

Cystography

answer

is a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter, resulting film is a cystogram

question

Intravenous pyelogram

answer

also known as excretory urography, is a radiographic study of kidneys and ureters. A contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in resulting image.

question

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

answer

is a radiographic study w/o use of a contrast medium. Also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen, is used to detect bowel obstructions & nephroliths. Despite the name, it does not show ureters

question

Retrograde urography

answer

is a radiograph of urinary sys taken after a contrast medium has been placed in urethra thru a sterile catheter & caused to flow upward thru urinary tract

question

Digital rectal examination

answer

is performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in rectum to palpate prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement & look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of rectum. (digital means using a finger)

question

Prostate-specific antigen

answer

blood test is used to screen for prostate cancer, measures amt of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen. Prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by cells of prostate gland to help liquefy semen, higher PSA lvl, more likely cancer present

question

Diuretics

answer

are medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid blody of excess water & salt.

question

Dialysis

answer

is a procedure to remove waste prodcuts, such as urea, creatinine, as well as excess water from blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function (dia- means complete or through, -lysis means separation)

question

hemodialysis

answer

is process by which waste products are filtered directly from patient's blood. Treatment is performed on an external hemodialysis unit commonly referred to as an artificial kidney

question

Shunt

answer

is an artificial passage that allows blood to flow btwn body and hemodialysis unit

question

Dialysate

answer

which is a sterilized solution made up of water & electrolytes, this solution cleanses blood by removing waste products & excess fluids

question

Peritoneal dialysis

answer

lining of peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from blood. Dialysate flows into peritoneal cavity around intestine thru a catheter implanted in abdominal wall. Fluid is left in for a period of time to absorb waste product and drained out thru tube.

question

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

answer

a dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under patient's clothing, abt every 4 hr, used solution is drained back into this bag & bag is discarded, then repeat.

question

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

answer

uses a machine to cycle dialysate fluid during night while patient sleeps

question

Nephrolysis

answer

is surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesion or can also describe a pathologic condition which there is destruction of renal cells

question

Nephropexy

answer

also known as nephrorrhaphy, is surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney

question

Nephrostomy

answer

is placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from pelvis of one or both kidneys to exterior of body.

question

Pyeloplasty

answer

is surgical repair of ureter & renal pelvis

question

Pyelotomy

answer

is surgical incision into renal pelvis, it is performed to correct obstructions such as a stone lodged in junction btwn renal pelvis & ureter

question

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

answer

is most common kidney stone treatment, high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling thru water or gel are used to break up stone into fragments, which are then excreted in urine.

question

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

answer

is surgical removal of a nephrolith thru a small incision in back. A small tube is temporarily inserted thru incision into kidney: drain urine, crushed stone and remove pieces

question

Ureterectomy

answer

is surgical removal of a ureter

question

Ureteroplasty

answer

is surgical repair of a ureter

question

Ureterorrhaphy

answer

is surgical suturing of a ureter

question

Ureteroscopy

answer

is a treamtnet for a nephrolith lodged in ureter. Ureteroscope is inserted thru urethra & bladder into ureter, if possible, nephrolith is removed intact thru scope. If too big, laser is used to break it up and pieces then removed

question

Cystectomy

answer

is surgical removal of all or part of urinary bladder, usually performed to treat bladder cancer

question

Neobladder

answer

is a replacement for missing bladder created by using abt 20 inch or small intestine. Allows patients to avoid having an abdominal stoma

question

ileal conduit

answer

or ileostomy, is use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to ureters & to a stoma in abdomen

question

Cystopexy

answer

is surgical fixation of bladder to abdominal wall

question

Cystorrhaphy

answer

is surgical suturing of a wound or defect in bladder

question

Lithotomy

answer

is a surgical incision for removal of a nephrolith from bladder, altho surgery no longer common, it is still used to describe physical examination position for procedures involving pelvis & lower abdomen

question

Indwelling catheter

answer

remains inside body for a prolonged time based on need (indwelling means residing w/in)

question

Urethral catheterization

answer

is performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter thru urethra & into bladder

question

Suprapubic catheterization

answer

is placement of a catheter into bladder thru a small incision made thru abdominal wall just above pubic bone

question

Foley catheter

answer

is most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible tube w/ a balloon filled w/ sterile water at end to hold it in place in bladder, commonly used on postsurgical patients

question

Intermittent catheter

answer

also known as short-term catheter, is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from bladder

question

Meatotomy

answer

is a surgical incision made in urethral meatus to enlarge opening

question

Urethropexy

answer

is surgical fixation of urethra to nearby tissue, is usually performed to correct urinary stress incontinence

question

urethrotomy

answer

is a surgical incision into urethra for relief of a stricture

question

Ablation

answer

is the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer, treatment involves removal of a body part or destruction of its function thru use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery or other methods.

question

Prostatectomy

answer

is surgical removal of part of all of prostate gland, is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland; but can lead to erectile difficulties.

question

Radical prostatectomy

answer

is surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected

question

Transurethral prostatectomy

answer

also known as a TURP, is removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland w/ use of a resectoscope.

question

Retrograde ejaculation

answer

is when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into bladder instead of out thru penis, common side effect of transurethral prostatectomy

question

Kegel exercises

answer

are a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate & swelling; in women to condition muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth

question

Bladder retraining

answer

is behavioral therapy in which patient learns to urinate on a schedule, w/ increasingly longer time intervals as bladder increases its capacity. Goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control & to break cycle of frequency & urgency that results from urge incontinence

Medical Terminology Ch 9 – Urinary System – Flashcards

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