SOCI Chapter 6 Quiz – Flashcards
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deviance
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any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs
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behavioral deviance
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based on persons intentional or inadvertent actions (drinking too much, robbing a bank, losing money at casino, laughing at funeral)
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social audience
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the critical variable in the study of deviance
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crime
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behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms and or other negative sanctions
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juvenile delinquency
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refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people
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status offenses
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illegal only when committed by younger people (cutting school or running away from home)
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social control
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refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance
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internal social control
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takes place through socialization
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external social control
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use of negative sanctions
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criminology
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the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons
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strain theory
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people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals
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conformity
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occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means
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innovation
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occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them
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ritualism
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occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them
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retreatism
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occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them
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rebellion
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occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means
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illegitimate opportunity structures
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circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through illegitimate channels
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differential association theory
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states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance that conformity
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rational choice theory of deviance
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states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions
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social bond theory
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holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a persons ties to society are weakened or broken
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labeling theory
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states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly
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primary deviance
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refers to the initial act of rule breaking
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secondary deviance
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occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior
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tertiary deviance
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occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non deviant
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violent crime
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consists of actions--murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault-- involving force or the threat of force against others
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property crimes
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include burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft and arson
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victimless crimes
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they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults
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occupational crime
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comprises illegal activités committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs
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corporate crime
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illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support
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internet crime
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consists of FBI related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud, nonauction/nondelivery of merchandise and overpayment fraud
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organized crime
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a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
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political crime
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refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government or overthrow it
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terrorism
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the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government , organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic or social objective
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criminal justice system
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refers to the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes and treat and rehabilitate criminals
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punishment
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any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed
