Speech Mid-Term – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?
answer
Employers rank the ability to communicate effectively among the most important skill when interviewing college graduates
question
How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?
answer
You organize your thought logically, tailor your message to your audience, tell a story for maximum impact, and adapt to listener's feedback.
question
How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?
answer
Public speaking is more highly structured, requires more formal language, and requires a different method of delivery.
question
Why is it normal - even desirable - to be nervous at the start of a speech?
answer
Your body is responding as it would to any stressful situation - by producing extra adrenaline.
question
How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?
answer
Transform it from a negative force into what one expert calls "positive nervousness." "Stage excitement," or "stage enthusiasm"
question
What are the seven elements of the speech communication process?
answer
Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation
question
How do the elements of the speech communication process interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?
answer
Answer out-loud
question
What is ethnocentrism?
answer
The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or culture
question
Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?
answer
It leads to prejudice and hostility towards different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural groups.
question
What is ethics?
answer
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
question
Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?
answer
Ethics come into play whenever a speaker faces an audience
question
What are the five guidelines for ethical speech-making discussed in this chapter?
answer
Make sure goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language, and put ethical principles into practice.
question
What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism?
answer
Global plagiarism is taking a whole speech and passing it off as your own, patchwork is when you take ideas and try to pass them off as your own in your speech.
question
What are the best ways to avoid global and patchwork plagiarism?
answer
Be sure to get started on your speech as soon as possible
question
What is incremental plagiarism?
answer
Failing to give credit for a particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
question
What is the best way to avoid incremental plagiarism?
answer
Check your source notes and when in doubt cite your source.
question
What are the three guidelines for ethical listening?
answer
Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging the speaker, and maintain the free and open expression of ideas
question
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
answer
Listening involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
question
How is listening connected with critical thinking?
answer
It enhances your skills as a critical thinker.
question
why is it important to develop strong listening skills?
answer
not having them means not having strong critical thinking skills
question
What are the four main causes of poor listening?
answer
Not concentrating, listening to hard, Jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearance
question
What are seven ways to become a better listener?
answer
Take listening seriously, be an active listener, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgment, focus your listening, and develop note-taking skills
question
What two major steps are used for developing your introductory speech?
answer
Focusing your topic and developing your topic
question
When organizing your introductory speech, you should divide it into what three sections?
answer
Introduction, body, and conclusion
question
What method of delivery is recommend for your introductory speech?
answer
Speaking extemporaneously; a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from an outline
question
What steps should you take when rehearsing your first speech?
answer
practice out-loud, speak to a friend or family member, and time your speech
question
What five elements of speech delivery are discussed with regard to presenting your first speech?
answer
Starting your speech, gestures, eye contact, voice, and dealing with nerves.
question
What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?
answer
Personal inventory, clustering, and internet search
question
What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches?
answer
To inform or to persuade
question
How do inform and persuade speeches differ?
answer
one you act as a teacher or lecturer the other you act as an advocate or a partisan
question
Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation?
answer
it states precisely what the speaker hope to accomplish in the speech
question
Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?
answer
it helps keep the audience at the center of your attention as your prepare your speech
question
What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose statement?
answer
Write as a full infinitive phrase, express your purpose as a statement, avoid figurative language, limit to one distinct idea, and make sure it is not too vague or general
question
What are five question to ask about your specific purpose?
answer
does it meet the assignment, can i accomplish my purpose in the time allotted, is it relevant to my audience, is it too trivial, and is it too technical
question
what are the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech?
answer
one is what you hope to accomplish the other is what you expect to say to do so; think thesis statement
question
What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?
answer
expressed in full sentences, not be in question form, avoid figurative language, and not be vague or overly general
question
Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?
answer
to gain a desired response from listeners
question
What does it mean to say that people are egocentric?
answer
they view the world through a lenses make from their own culture or values
question
What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?
answer
they pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being
question
What are the six demographic traits of audiences?
answer
Age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, and group membership
question
Why is each demographic trait important to audience analysis?
answer
they help to know how your listeners will respond to your speech
question
What is situational audience analysis?
answer
identifies traits of the audience unique to the speaking situation at hand
question
What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?
answer
size, physical setting, disposition towards the topic, speaker, and occasion
question
How can you get information about an audience?
answer
using a questionnaire with fixed-alternative, scale, and open-end questions
question
What are the three kinds of questions used in questionnaires?
answer
fixed-alternative, scale, and open-end questions
question
Why is it a good idea to use all three questionnaire questions in audience analysis?
answer
because have their advantages and disadvantages
question
What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech?
answer
assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say, adjusting what you say to make it clear, appropriate, and convincing
question
Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?
answer
to bolster the speaker's point of view
question
What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter?
answer
brief, extended, and hypothetical
question
What are five tips for using examples in your speech?
answer
use to clarify your ideas, reinforce ideas, personalize ideas, make them vivid and richly textured, practice delivery
question
Why is it so easy to lie with stats?
answer
they can easily be manipulated and distorted
question
What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?
answer
are the stats representative, are measures used correctly, are they from a reliable source
question
What are six tips for using stats in your speech?
answer
to quantify ideas, use stats sparingly, identify the source, explain, round off complicated numbers, use visual aids
question
What is testimony?
answer
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
question
What is the difference between expert and peer testimony?
answer
one is from a recognized experts the other is from an ordinary person with firsthand experience or insight
question
What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?
answer
quote or paraphrase accurately, from qualified sources, unbiased sources, and identify the people
question
What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?
answer
title, author, author's qualifications, and date of publication
question
Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?
answer
so that listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end
question
How many main points will your speech usually contain?
answer
about two, maybe three
question
Why is it important to limit the number of main points?
answer
because you may not have enough time, too many main points in the audience will trouble sorting them out
question
what are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in the speech?
answer
chronological order, spatial order, casual order, problem-solution order, and topical order
question
what are three tips for preparing your main points?
answer
keep me in point separate, try to use the same pattern of wording for main points, balance the amount of time devoted to main points
question
what is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?
answer
organize supporting materials so they are directly relevant to the main points
question
what are four kinds of speech connectives?
answer
transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts
question
what are the four objectives of the speech introduction?
answer
get the attention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish your credibility and goodwill, and preview the body of the speech
question
what are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?
answer
related topic to the audience, State the importance of your topic, startled audience, question the audience, begin with a quotation,, or tell a story
question
why is it important to establish your credibility and the beginning of your speech?
answer
to show that you were called on to speak on a given topic to your listeners
question
what is a preview statement?
answer
a statement in the introduction of the speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
question
why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?
answer
to tell the listeners what they should listen for in the rest of your speech
question
what are six tips for introduction?
answer
keep it brief, lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research, be creative, do not worry about the exact wording, work it out in detail, don't start talking to you soon
question
what are the major functions of the speech conclusion?
answer
signal the end of the speech, reinforce the central idea
question
what are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?
answer
through what you say, such as, in conclusion; manner of delivery, crescendo ending decrescendo
question
what are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?
answer
summarize your speech, end with a quote, make a dramatic statement, or refer to the introduction
question
what are four tips for your conclusion?
answer
keep an eye out for possible concluding material as you research, conclude with a bang, don't be long-winded, don't leave it to chance
question
how does language help create a sense of reality?
answer
by giving meaning to events
question
what is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning?
answer
one the dictionary meaning, the other is the emotions triggered by a word
question
how might you use denotative or consultative meaning to convey your message most effectively?
answer
denotative meaning can be used to be precise; connotative meaning can be used to give words intensity and emotional power
question
what are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?
answer
use familiar words, choose concrete words, eliminate clutter
question
what are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language?
answer
by using imagery and/or rhythm
question
what does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speeches?
answer
appropriateness to occasion, the audience, the topic, and a speaker
question
why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language?
answer
to be respectful to the listeners, to avoid stereotypes based on age, race, gender, disability, and other factors
question
what four usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?
answer
avoid the generic "he," avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs and social rules by gender, use names that groups used to identify themselves
question
what is nonverbal communication?
answer
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
question
what are the four methods of speech delivered?
answer
reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously
question
what are the eight and aspects of voice usage you can concentrate on in your speeches?
answer
volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, dialect
question
what are the four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?
answer
personal appearance, movement, gestures, and eye contact
question
what are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?
answer
practice aloud, prepare your speaking outline, practice several times, polish and refine your delivery, dress rehearsal
question
what steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session?
answer
formulate answers to possible questions and practiced the delivery of your answers
question
what should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?
answer
approach questions with a positive attitude, listening carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, stay on track
question
what are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?
answer
listeners are more interested, grasp ideas more easily, and retain it longer when presented visually as well as verbally
question
what kind of visual aids might you use in a speech?
answer
photographs, graphs, charts, the speaker
question
what guidelines are given for preparing visual aids?
answer
prepare visual aids well in advance, keep visually simple, make sure visual aids are large enough, is a limited amount of text, use fonts effectively, use color effectively, and use images strategically
question
what guidelines are given for presenting visual aids?
answer
display where listeners can see them, avoid passing around, display only while discussing, explained clearly, talk to your audience not your aid, practice, and checked the room and equipment
question
what are the four types of informative speeches?
answer
speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts
question
why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic?
answer
listeners can become lost
question
what can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?
answer
relate the subject directly to the audience, don't be too technical, avoid extractions, personalize your ideas, and be creative
question
what should you do as informative speaker to related topic directly to the audience?
answer
take special steps to relate to your audience, you should tie it in with their interests and concerns
question
what two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?
answer
subject matter and language use
question
what are three methods you should use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?
answer
description, comparison, contrasts
question
what does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?
answer
to represent one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
question
why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?
answer
so that your speech does not sound like an oral encyclopedia article; boring
