Modern World History Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Revolution – Flashcards
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Geocentric
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Belief that earth was the center of the universe
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Scientific Revolution
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New way scientists were looking at the natural world; careful observation and desire to question; caused by exploration, printing press, navagation
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(Nicolaus) Copernicus
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Came up with the heliocentric theory; feared persecution A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
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Heliocentric (Theory)
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Belief that the sun is at the center of the universe
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Johannes Kepler
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Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy
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Galileo Galilei
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Built the telescope in 1609; wrote Starry Messenger; put on trial for heresy; confessed Copernicus was wrong; lived under house arrest until death
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Scientific Method
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A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
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(Francis) Bacon
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developed the scientific method
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Isaac Newton
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Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.
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Andreas Vasalius
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Called the father of Biology. He is one of the first people to undertake the systematic and scientific study of the human body.
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(Edward) Jenner
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Made first vaccine for smallpox
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(Robert) Boyle
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Scientist who found out matter was made up of small particles Father of modern chemistry
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Enlightenment
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A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.
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(Thomas) Hobbes
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Thought all humans are wicked, need strong ruler to keep order; wrote Leviathan
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Leviathan
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Book written by Thomas Hobbes
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Social Contract
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Agreement by people to create a government because they need it; thought of by Thomas Hobbes
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(John) Locke
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17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
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Voltaire
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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
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Montesqueiu
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had the idea of having three branches of government so that no one branch may have too much power
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Rousseau
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Philosophe who wanted direct democracy; no classes, no nobility Wrote the Social Contract; Believed freedom is society's general will
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(Mary) Wollstonecraft
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Believed women needed education and should have jobs British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."
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Paris
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City that was the capital of the Enlightenment
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Salon
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An intellectual social gathering held by wealthy women
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Denis Diderot
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Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.
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Encyclopedia
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A collection of essays and articles by Denis Diderot; angered church and government
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Baroque (style)
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Grand, ornate, elaborate style
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Neoclassic
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Simple, elegant style
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Enlightened despots
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Rulers who respected enlightenment, but did not want to give up their power
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Frederick the Great
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This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
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Catherine the Great
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Russian ruler; educated; wanted to reform- failed; promised to free serfs but never did
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George III
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King of England during the American Revolution
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Thomas Jefferson
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Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776
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Articles of Confederation
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Documents of the new American government that had too weak of a central government
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Constitution
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Document of the new American government that had a stronger central government
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Federal System
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Power divided between national and state governments; American government
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Bill of Rights
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Amendments to protect basic rights; American government First 10 amendments
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Tycho Brahe
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(1546-1601), established himself as Europe's leading astronomer, collected a mass of data, believed that all planets revolved around the sun and that system revolved around the earth-moon system
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rene descartes
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17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism
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Torricelli
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Italian physicist who invented the barometer (used to forecast weather) and made many advances in optics.
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
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A combination of discoveries and circumstances including: exploration of Africa, Asia in the Americas. This led to the thought that there were new truths to be found, navigators needed better equipment and people wanted to know more
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Father of microbiology
