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Aztec

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Group from the north that invaded central Mexico; were first wandering warriors; built their capital city at Tenochtitlan; increased their power until they dominated central Mexico; built causeways, pyramids, marketplaces, and palaces; adopted many customs from other cultures; used chinamapas for farming; militaristic society; known for human sacrifice and dedication to the sun god; ended when conquered by Spanish explorers in the 1500s.

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Inca

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A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century.

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Mayan

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Empire which stretched from Gulf of Mexico, to Central America. They were known for their incredible cities, like Chichen Itza, and mathematics.

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Eastern Woodlands

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People lived by hunting,fishing and nuts and berries, but by 100 a.d. they learned to farm theyre were 2 main groups, algoquiands and iroquois.

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Mound-Buiilders

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The varying cultures collectively called Mound Builders were prehistoric inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes.

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Buffalo Cultures

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Native Americans made tepees from buffalo hides and also used their skin for clothing, shoes, and blankets. Buffalo meat was dried into jerky or mixed with berries and fat to make a staple food called pemmican. PROVIDED: many of their basic needs and was central to life on the Plains.

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Christopher Columbus

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An explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World".

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Columbus Expedition

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Columbus said across the atlantic ocean blue in the year of 1492. King Ferdinanded and Queen Isabella sponsered him.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Signed on 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain).The treaty was ratified by Spain (at the time, the Crowns of Castile and Aragon), 2 July 1494 and by Portugal, 5 September 1494.

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3 G's

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1. God 2. Glory 3. Gold

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Conquistadors

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Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain.

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Cortez

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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547).

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Pizzaro

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For Spain. led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.

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Results for Spain

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Got treasures.

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Reformation results

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The Catholic church and the Protestant Church were newly opposing religious forces that would be in conflict for years to come..

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Leveler

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A radical who advocates the abolition of political or economic or social inequalities.

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French motivations-fur

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The French traded fur.

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Freedom

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The condition of being free.

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Roanoke

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Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

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John Rolfe

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He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

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Tobacco

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Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown.

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Plantation Economy

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Economic system stretching between the Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates.

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Jamestown

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The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

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British North American Colony

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The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might.

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Mercantilism

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An economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

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Chesapeak Bay

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United States ship fired upon by the British in 1807.

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Society

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An extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization.

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One Crop

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John Rolfe perfected the growing of tobacco in 1612 turning Virginia into a this type of colony.

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Isolated

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Remote and separate physically or socially.

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New England

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A region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut.

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Europe-15th century

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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was the century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, falls to emerging Ottoman Turks, forcing Western Europeans to find a new trade route.

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William Bradford

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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

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Plymouth

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Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

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Winthrop-Massachsets

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The town is named after John Winthrop (1587-1649), second governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and an important English Puritan leader. On 8 April 1630, Winthrop departed from the Isle of Wight, England on the ship Arbella and arrrived in Salem in June where he was met by John Endecott, the first governor of the colony. He served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. It was Winthrop who decided to base the colony at the Shawmut Peninsula, where he and the colonists founded what is now the city of Boston.

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Bay

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Part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline, generally smaller than a gulf.

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Economy

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Frugality in the expenditure of money or resources.

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Massasoit

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c1580-1661, North American Indian leader: sachem of the Wampanoag tribe; negotiator of peace treaty with the Pilgrims 1621 (father of King Philip).

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Rode Island and Connecticut

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Part of the Thirteen Colonies

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Founders of New England

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In one of the earliest English settlements in North America, Pilgrims from England first settled in New England in 1620, to form Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 130 years, New England fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists.

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Middle Colonies

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New York New Jersey and Pennsylvainia. had fertile soil moderate winters warm summers and a good growing season and economy was based on farming mineing craft jobscash crops grain manufacturing and trade.

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Economies in Middle Colonies

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Mercantilism

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William Penn

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An English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.

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Quaker

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A member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers).

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Religous Freedom

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Pilgrims, purtains and catholics went ot New World to escape religous persecution.

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South Colonies

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Virgina, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.

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One Crop in the South Colonies

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Tobacco

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Labor in the South Colonies

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Slaves

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Bacons Rebellion

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An uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

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French and Indian War/Seven Days War

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A war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

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Royal Proclamation

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Signed in 1763. meant to protect Natives from uncontrolled white settlements.

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Results of French and Indian War.

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Ended by Treaty of Paris English felt colonists were unsupportive, colonists felt English had poor military tactics England did not let colonial officers lead their own battalions, so colonists did not feel respected.

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Slavery

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The condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages.

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Chattel Property

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Slaves that were bought and sold; viewed as property, not people.

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Slave Codes

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Laws passes in the southern states that controlled enslaved people.

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Venture Smith

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African enslaved in New England who purchased his freedom and wrote a book telling the story of his life.

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Slave Rebellions

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Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), & Nat Turner (1831); all struck fear into the hearts of slave-owners and led to new, more restrictive laws against blacks.

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Great Awakening

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Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

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Enlightenment

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A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

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Whitefield

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Itinerant English parson known for his power of oratory and magnificent voice.

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Johnathan Edwards

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An American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

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National Identity

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Sense of what characteristics make them a nation.

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Question Authority

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A statement most consistent with Romantic ideology.

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God Given Rights

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Life, liberty, health, and property (pursuit of happiness).

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Sovereignty of God

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The attribute of God which means that he is supreme and in control.

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Scientific Method

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A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

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Social Contract

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The notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others.

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William Bradford

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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

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John Smith

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Helped found and govern Jamestown (1607). His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

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Henry the Navigator

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(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

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Venture Smith

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An African enslaved in New England purchased his own freedom and wrote a book telling the story of his life.

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Equiano

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His autobiography depicted the horrors of slavery and helped influence British lawmakers to abolish the slave trade.

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Simon Kenton

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Came to Kentucky from Virginia in 1771 because he thought he had killed a man, changed his name to Butler; first man to plant corn.

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Daniel Boone

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(1734 - 1820) An American pioneer who who was one of the first to cross the Appalachians. Today it is known as Kentucky and Tennessee. (pp. 242, 403), he led a small band of settlers in the Kentucky territory who risked constant attack by Indians and their British and Tory allies. He survived frequent ambushes, 7 skirmishes, and 3 battles. In 1778 he held off an assault by more than 400 Indians at Boonesborough with 30 men and families. He was captured twice and was shot He refused to leave Kentucky. The frontier skirmishes had no real effect on the outcome of the war.

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Essay Question: Many American colonists circa 1750 had a unique set of characteristics. A group with these features did not exist anywhere else in the world—before or since. American identity was shaped by these unique features and characteristics which existed in the pre-revolutionary period. In an essay of 300 words (2 pages) describe, explain, and analyze the characteristics which defined the American colonial character and identity just prior to the American Revolution.

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Answer to essay: Class unlike Europe by 1750-characteristics: 1. Self-sufficient 2. Own tools 3. Own land 4. Question auth. 5. Elections 6. Repub. Institutions 7. Freedom 8. Independent

U.S. History to 1877 (Exam 1) – Flashcards

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