AP World History Review – Flashcards
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civilization
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a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)
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demography
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the study of population dynamics
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enclave
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a community of people living outside their homeland
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Silk Road Trade
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the trade route that linked the Eurasian land mass
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Sunni Islam
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the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
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Shiite Islam
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the branch of Islam that are supporters of Ali
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Sufi Islam
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the spritual and mystical branch of Islam
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harem
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living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household
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concubine
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a woman who cohabits with an important man, a mistress
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Hagia Sofia
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the cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople built by the order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, turned into a mosque by the Ottomans
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Dar Al Islam
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the house of Islam
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feudalism
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a social and political system in which lords are granted landed estates by a monarch in exchange for their loyalty (especially in military matters)
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manorialism
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a type of social structure in which a lord has control over the labor on his estate, serfs are bound to the land
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Colombian Exchange
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the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa
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socialism
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an economic system based on state ownership of capital
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communism
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a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
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capitalism
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an economic system based on private ownership of capital
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utilitarianism
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a doctrine that says the useful is the good, especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number
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Enlightenment
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a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
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absolutism
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a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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colonialism
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exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one, the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country
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imperialism
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a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically
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Swahili
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the most widely spoken Bantu language, the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
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extraterritoriality
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the right of people living in a foreign country to follow the laws of their homeland (British in China)
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sphere of influence
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the geographical area in which one nation is very influential (ex. the US, Britain, and other European countries in China)
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protectorate
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a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs, protectorates are established by treaty
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epidemic
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a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease, many people are infected at the same time
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islamization
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the spread of the Islamic faith across the Middle East, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa
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westernization
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assimilation of Western culture, the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization
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boyars
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Russian nobility
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Tatars
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the nomadic tribe of conquerers known as the Mongols
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Tale of Genji
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written by Lady Murasaki, this novel is evidence of a mannered style of Japanese society
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Gempei Wars
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waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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the Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences
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Chinese Junks
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Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
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European Caravels
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slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind, key to development of the Portuguese trading empire
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Arabian Dhows
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Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails, strongly influenced by the European ship design
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Neo-Confucianism
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term that describes the resurgence of confusianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang dynasty
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal
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encomienda
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grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America, basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in the Spanish colonies
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coercive labor
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any labor system that involves force (slavery, serfdom, and indentured labor)
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chattel slavery
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the ownership of a human being as property
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mercantilism
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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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Monroe Doctrine
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an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
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miscegenation
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the mixing of races, (ex. Spanish and Portugueses colonies)
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Jannisaries
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legally slaves of the Ottoman Empire but translated into their elite military force
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jizya
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head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories
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Taj Mahal
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beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
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Aurangzeb
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despotic ruler, whose strict laws led to divisions and decentralization of government in the Mughal Empire, extended his empire over the whole Indian subcontinent
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Suleyman
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the greatest Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reconstructed the Ottoman legal system, very prominent in every aspect of the Ottoman's military, politics, and economy
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Muhammad
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proph, the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
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Ottoman Empire
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a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe, created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire
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Safavid Empire
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Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries, originally a Turkic nomadic group
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Mughal Empire
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Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
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Marco Polo
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Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)
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Ibn Battuta
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N. African traveler/historian, wrote in detail about his journeys through Islamic Africa, traveled extensively (1300s)
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Zheng He
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Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread Chinese ideology throughout Asia
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Manchus
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a member of Manchuria who ruled China during the Qing dynasty
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conquistadors
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Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain, (ex. Pizzaro and Cortes)
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Zulu
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a member of the tall Negroid people of southeast Africa living in northern Natal
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Akbar
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powerful Mughal ruler of India, extended the empire, and attempted unification of religion, greatest Mughal ruler
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Shah Jahan
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Mughal emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mughal architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)
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Simon Bolivar
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Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule
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Miguel Hidalgo
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Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions
